Animal self-awareness test to determine self-recognition in a mirror
The hamadryas baboon is one primate species that fails the mirror test.
The mirror test—sometimes called the mark test, mirror self-recognition (MSR) test, red spot technique, or rouge test—is a behavioral technique developed in 1970 by American psychologist Gordon Gallup Jr. as an attempt to determine whether an animal possesses the ability of visual self-recognition.[1] The MSR test is the traditional method for attempting to measure physiological and cognitive self-awareness. However, agreement has been reached that animals can be self-aware in ways not measured by the mirror test, such as distinguishing between their own and others' songs and scents,[2] and being aware of their own bodies, while humans have abnormally good vision, and thus intelligence that is highly visual.
In the classic MSR test, an animal is anesthetized and then marked (e.g. paint or sticker) on an area of the body the animal normally cannot see (e.g. forehead). When the animal recovers from the anesthetic, it is given access to a mirror. If the animal then touches or investigates the mark, it is taken as an indication that the animal perceives the reflected image as an image of itself, rather than of another animal.
Very few species have passed the MSR test. Species that have include the great apes, a single Asian elephant, Giant oceanic manta rays, dolphins, orcas, the Eurasian magpie, and the cleaner wrasse. A wide range of species has been reported to fail the test, including several species of monkeys, giant pandas, and sea lions.[3][4]
The mirrortest—sometimes called the mark test, mirror self-recognition (MSR) test, red spot technique, or rouge test—is a behavioral technique developed...
The results of the mirrortest showed that although magpies do not have a neocortex, they are capable of understanding that a mirror image belongs to their...
a 1931 paper, Wallon argued that mirrors helped children develop a sense of self-identity. However, later mirrortest research indicates that while toddlers...
is one of the few nonmammalian species able to recognize itself in a mirrortest. Magpies have shown the ability to make and use tools, imitate human...
animals include the mirrortest (a test of visual self-awareness) and the T maze test (which tests learning ability). Such testing is used in psychology...
the mirrortest. According to the authors, their findings mean that either prior conceptions of animal self-awareness or the validity of the mark test need...
shown to pass the mirrortest. The animal must demonstrate they can pass the test without prior experience or training with the testing procedure.[citation...
Twin Mirror is a 2020 adventure game by Dontnod Entertainment. Co-produced with Shibuya Productions, the game was released for PlayStation 4, Windows,...
Specifically, members of the family have demonstrated self-awareness in mirrortests (Eurasian magpies) and tool-making ability (e.g. crows and rooks), skills...
largest brains and brain to body ratio of all fish, and can pass the mirrortest. Mantas are found in warm temperate, subtropical and tropical waters...
Black Mirror is a British science fiction anthology series created by Charlie Brooker. The programme was inspired by The Twilight Zone and explores technology...
ester. Another oxidation reaction is the basis of the silver-mirrortest. In this test, an aldehyde is treated with Tollens' reagent, which is prepared...
In a 2019 study, cleaner wrasses passed the mirrortest, the first fish to do so. However, the test's inventor, American psychologist Gordon G. Gallup...
gorillas, orangutans and humans. It is the only bird known to pass the mirrortest, along with very few other non-avian species. The magpie was described...
possess self-awareness. The most widely used test for self-awareness in animals is the mirrortest in which a mirror is introduced to an animal, and the animal...
others, possess self-awareness. The most widely used test for self-awareness in animals is the mirrortest, in which a temporary dye is placed on an animal's...
Wonderlic Test Ames test Chi-squared test Draize test Dixon's Q test F-test Fisher's exact test GRIM test Kolmogorov–Smirnov test Kuiper's test Likelihood-ratio...
by detecting their own smell during the "sniff test," a proposed olfactory equivalent to the mirrortest. Dogs have often been used in studies of cognition...
hotly debated. The best known research technique in this area is the mirrortest devised by Gordon G. Gallup, in which an animal's skin is marked in some...
to possess self-awareness. The most widely used test for self-awareness in animals is the mirrortest, in which a temporary dye is placed on an animal's...
referred to has the mirrortest. The method involves placing a marker on the subject in a place they can not see without a mirror (e.g. ones forehead)...
this is the mirrortest, which determines if an animal possesses the ability of self-recognition. Mammals that have passed the mirrortest include Asian...
similar mechanisms may be involved. Pigeons showed mirror-related behaviours during the mirrortest. In an article from 1995, Watanabe, Sakamoto, and Wakita...
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