Concentration of chemical that stops bacterial growth
In microbiology, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is the lowest concentration of a chemical, usually a drug, which prevents visible in vitro growth of bacteria or fungi.[1][2] MIC testing is performed in both diagnostic[1][2] and drug discovery laboratories.[3][4]
The MIC is determined by preparing a dilution series of the chemical, adding agar or broth, then inoculating with bacteria or fungi, and incubating at a suitable temperature. The value obtained is largely dependent on the susceptibility of the microorganism and the antimicrobial potency of the chemical, but other variables can affect results too.[5] The MIC is often expressed in micrograms per milliliter (μg/mL) or milligrams per liter (mg/L).
In diagnostic labs, MIC test results are used to grade the susceptibility of microbes. These grades are assigned based on agreed upon values called breakpoints. Breakpoints are published by standards development organizations such as the U.S. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), the British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST).[6][7][8] The purpose of measuring MICs and grading microbes is to enable physicians to prescribe the most appropriate antimicrobial treatment.
The first step in drug discovery is often measurement of the MICs of biological extracts, isolated compounds or large chemical libraries against bacteria and fungi of interest.[9][10] MIC values provide a quantitative measure of an extract or compound's antimicrobial potency. The lower the MIC, the more potent the antimicrobial.[4] When in vitro toxicity data is available, MICs can also be used to calculate selectivity index values, a measure of off-target to target toxicity.[4]
^ abMagréault S, Jauréguy F, Carbonnelle E, Zahar JR (December 2010). "When and How to Use MIC in Clinical Practice?". Antibiotics. 11 (12): Article 1748. doi:10.3390/antibiotics11121748. PMC 9774413. PMID 36551405.
^ abPfaller MA, Andes D, Diekema DJ, Espinel-Ingroff A, Sheehan D (December 2010). "Wild-type MIC distributions, epidemiological cutoff values and species-specific clinical breakpoints for fluconazole and Candida: Time for harmonization of CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods". Drug Resistance Updates. 13 (6): 180–195. doi:10.1016/j.drup.2010.09.002. PMID 21050800.
^Bennani FE, Doudach L, El Rhayam Y, Karrouchi K, Cherrah Y, Tarib A, Ansar M, Faouzi ME (November 2022). "Identification of the new progress on pyrazole derivatives molecules as antimicrobial and antifungal agents". West African Journal of Medicine. 39 (11): 1217–1244. PMID 36455285.
^ abcCushnie TP, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JL, Law S, Clow SM (June 2020). "Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls". Pharmaceutical Research. 37 (7): Article 125. doi:10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1. PMID 32529587. S2CID 254932190.
^McKinnon PS, Davis SL (April 2004). "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 23 (4): 271–88. doi:10.1007/s10096-004-1107-7. PMID 15015030. S2CID 28455936.
^Humphries R, Bobenchik AM, Hindler JA, Schuetz AN (November 2021). "Overview of Changes to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100, 31st Edition". J Clin Microbiol. 59 (12): Article e0021321. doi:10.1128/JCM.00213-21. PMC 8601225. PMID 34550809.
^Andrews JM (July 2001). "Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 48 Suppl 1 (suppl 1): 5–16. doi:10.1093/jac/48.suppl_1.5. PMID 11420333.
^"New definitions of S, I and R from 2019". European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Retrieved 5 May 2023.
^Turnidge JD, Ferraro MJ, Jorgensen JH (2003). "Susceptibility Test Methods: General Considerations". In Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH (eds.). Manual of Clinical Microbiology (8th ed.). Washington: American Society of Clinical Microbiology. p. 1103. ISBN 1-55581-255-4.
^O'Neill AJ, Chopra I (August 2004). "Preclinical evaluation of novel antibacterial agents by microbiological and molecular techniques". Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 13 (8): 1045–63. doi:10.1517/13543784.13.8.1045. PMID 15268641. S2CID 24016698.
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