Two words that differ in only one element of their pronunciation
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, spoken or signed, that differ in only one phonological element, such as a phoneme, toneme or chroneme,[1] and have distinct meanings. They are used to demonstrate that two phones represent two separate phonemes in the language.
Many phonologists in the middle part of the 20th century had a strong interest in developing techniques for discovering the phonemes of unknown languages, and in some cases, they set up writing systems for the languages. The major work of Kenneth Pike on the subject is Phonemics: a technique for reducing languages to writing.[2] The minimal pair was an essential tool in the discovery process and was found by substitution or commutation tests.[3]
As an example for English vowels, the pair "let" + "lit" can be used to demonstrate that the phones [ɛ] (in let) and [ɪ] (in lit) actually represent distinct phonemes /ɛ/ and /ɪ/. An example for English consonants is the minimal pair of "pat" + "bat". The following table shows other pairs demonstrating the existence of various distinct phonemes in English. All of the possible minimal pairs for any language may be set out in the same way.
word 1
word 2
IPA 1
IPA 2
note
pin
bin
/pɪn/
/bɪn/
initial consonant
rot
lot
/rɒt/
/lɒt/
thigh
thy
/θaɪ/
/ðaɪ/
seal
zeal
/siːl/
/ziːl/
bin
bean
/bɪn/
/biːn/
vowel
pen
pan
/pɛn/
/pæn/
cook
kook
/kʊk/
/kuːk/
hat
had
/hæt/
/hæd/
final consonant
mean
meme
/miːn/
/miːm/
Phonemic differentiation may vary between different dialects of a language so a particular minimal pair in one accent may be a pair of homophones in another. That means not that one of the phonemes is absent in the homonym accent but only that it is not contrastive in the same range of contexts.
^Jones, Daniel (January 1944). "Chronemes and tonemes: (a contribution to the study of the theory of phonemes)". Acta Linguistica. 4 (1): 11–10. doi:10.1080/03740463.1944.10410902.
see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. In phonology, minimalpairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, spoken or signed...
that differ in meaning through the contrast of a single phoneme form a minimalpair. If, in another language, any two sequences differing only by pronunciation...
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consonant that can end a syllable, as illustrated by the following minimal or near-minimalpairs: after /l/ (italiano [itaˈljano] 'Italian' vs. y tal llano [italˈɟʝano]...
another in that context. A contrastive distribution is demonstrated with a minimalpair. Contrastive distribution is distinct from complementary distribution...
only by those sounds in an accent that maintains the distinction (a minimalpair) are homophonous in the accent with the merger. Some examples from English...
of a pair of minimally different words, a so-called minimalpair. In English, for example, the words bat [bæt] and pat [pʰæt] form a minimalpair, in which...
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16 initial-vowel letters, with each consonant taking 14 forms with vowel pairs), the orthographic features of the Devanagari script (for example, the same...
sequence of /n/ followed by /i/ in a rising diphthong in Brazil, forming a minimalpair between sonha [ˈsoj̃ɐ] and Sônia [ˈsoniɐ ~ ˈsonʲɐ ~ ˈsoɲɐ]; menina, "girl"...
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For...
length are treated the same when ordering words. Therefore, for example, the pairs O/Ó and Ö/Ő are not distinguished in ordering, but Ö follows O. In cases...
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such as in the minimalpair 来た kita 'came' and 切った kitta 'cut'. Estonian is unusual for contrasting three lengths, as in the minimal triplet kabi /kɑpi/...
minimalpair, because the profanity can also be pronounced with little friction (though in some other dialects they further evolved to form a minimal...
of two different words. Contrastive distribution Distributionalism Free variation Minimalpair Phoneme An Introduction to Language by Victoria Fromkin...
counterfactual conditionals can be illustrated by the following English minimalpair: Indicative conditional: If Sally owns a donkey, then she rides it. Simple...
letters ⟨и⟩ and ⟨ы⟩. Rare instances of word-initial [ɨ], including the minimalpair и́кать 'to produce the sound и' and ы́кать 'to produce the sound ы',...