Neuropteris ovata Hoffmann, Late Carboniferous of northeastern Ohio.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Division:
†Pteridospermatophyta
Order:
†Medullosales Corsin, 1960
Families
Alethopteridaceae
Codonospermaceae
Cyclopteridaceae
Neurodontopteridaceae
Parispermaceae (= Potonieaceae)
Polylophospermaceae
Stephanospermaceae
Synonyms
Neuropteridales Schimper, 1869
Trigonocarpales Seward, 1917
Codonospermales Doweld, 2001
Pachytestales Doweld, 2001
Hexapterospermales Doweld, 2001
The Medullosales is an extinct order of pteridospermous seed plants characterised by large ovules with circular cross-section and a vascularised nucellus, complex pollen-organs, stems and rachides with a dissected stele, and frond-like leaves.[1] Their nearest still-living relatives are the cycads.[2]
Most medullosales were small to medium-sized trees. The largest specimens were probably of genus Alethopteris, whose fronds could be 7 metres long[3] and the trees were perhaps up to 10 metres tall. Especially in Moscovian times, many medullosales were rather smaller, with fronds only about 2 metres long, and apparently growing in dense, mutually supporting stands.[4] During Kasimovian and Gzhelian times there were also non-arboreal forms with smaller fronds (e.g. Odontopteris) that were probably scrambling or possibly climbing plants.[5]
^Anderson, John M.; Anderson, Heidi M.; Cleal, Chris J. (2007). "Brief history of the gymnosperms: classification, biodiversity, phytogeography and ecology" (PDF). Strelitzia. 20: 1–280.
^Hilton, J. & Bateman, R. M. (2006), "Pteridosperms are the backbone of seed-plant phylogeny", Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society, 33: 119–168, doi:10.3159/1095-5674(2006)133[119:PATBOS]2.0.CO;2
^Laveine J.-P. (1986). "The size of the frond in the genus Alethopteris Sternberg (Pteridospermopsida, Carboniferous)". Geobios. 19: 49–56. doi:10.1016/s0016-6995(86)80035-3.
^Wnuk C.; Pfefferkorn H. W. (1984). "The life habits and paleoecology of Middle Pennsylvanian medullosan pteridosperms based on an in situ assemblage from the Bernice Basin (Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.)". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 41 (3–4): 329–351. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(84)90053-8.
^Hamer J. J.; Rothwell G. W. (1988). "The vegetative structure of Medullosa endocentrica (Pteridospermopsida)". Canadian Journal of Botany. 66 (2): 375–387. doi:10.1139/b88-060.
The Medullosales is an extinct order of pteridospermous seed plants characterised by large ovules with circular cross-section and a vascularised nucellus...
seed plants tend to be referred to as pteridosperms: Lyginopteridales, Medullosales, Callistophytales and Peltaspermales, with "Mesozoic seed ferns" including...
Gigantopteridales Order Glossopteridales Order Lyginopteridales Order Medullosales Order Peltaspermales Order Corystospermales (also known as Umkomasiales)...
Macroneuropteris is a genus of Carboniferous seed plants in the order Medullosales. The genus is best known for the species Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri...
Lycopodiales (club mosses), Lepidodendrales (scale trees), Filicales (ferns), Medullosales (informally included in the "seed ferns", an assemblage of a number of...
some other plant divisions. Five additional families belonging to the Medullosales became extinct by the end of the Paleozoic Era. Based on genetic studies...