Genus of tropical gymnosperms in the family Gnetaceae
Gnetum
Gnetum luofuense in China
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Gymnospermae
Division:
Gnetophyta
Order:
Gnetales Mart
Family:
Gnetaceae Blume
Genus:
Gnetum L.
Type species
Gnetum gnemon
L.
Distribution
Synonyms[1]
Gnemon Rumph. ex Kuntze
Thoa Aubl.
Abutua Lour.
Arthostema Neck.
Gnetum is a genus of gymnosperms, the sole genus in the family Gnetaceae within the Gnetophyta. They are tropical evergreen trees, shrubs and lianas. Unlike other gymnosperms, they possess vessel elements in the xylem. Some species have been proposed to have been the first plants to be insect-pollinated as their fossils occur in association with extinct pollinating scorpionflies.[2] Molecular phylogenies based on nuclear and plastid sequences from most of the species indicate hybridization among some of the Southeast Asian species. Fossil-calibrated molecular-clocks suggest that the Gnetum lineages now found in Africa, South America and Southeast Asia are the result of ancient long-distance dispersal across seawater.[3][4]
Their leaves are rich in phytochemicals such as flavonoids and stilbenes. Of the species studied so far, Gnetum have photosynthetic and transpiration capacities which are considerably lower than those of other seed plants, due to the absence of multiple chloroplast genes essential for photosynthesis, a trait they seem to share with the other living members of Gnetophyta, Ephedra and Welwitschia, as well as conifers.[5] There are over 50 different species of Gnetum.[citation needed]
^Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^Ren, Dong; Labandeira, Conrad C.; Santiago-Blay, Jorge A.; Rasnitsyn, Alexandr; Shih, Chungkun; Bashkuev, Alexei; Logan, M. Amelia V.; Hotton, Carol L.; Dilcher, David (2009). "A Probable Pollination Mode Before Angiosperms: Eurasian, Long-Proboscid Scorpionflies". Science. 326 (5954): 840–847. Bibcode:2009Sci...326..840R. doi:10.1126/science.1178338. PMC 2944650. PMID 19892981.
^Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne S. (2005). "The internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA in the gymnosperm Gnetum". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 36 (3): 581–597. Bibcode:2005MolPE..36..581W. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.011. PMID 16099382.
^Won, Hyosig; Renner, Susanne S. (2006). "Dating Dispersal and Radiation in the Gymnosperm Gnetum (Gnetales)—Clock Calibration when Outgroup Relationships Are Uncertain". Systematic Biology. 55 (4): 610–622. doi:10.1080/10635150600812619. PMID 16969937.
^Deng, N.; Hou, C.; Liu, C.; Li, M.; Bartish, I.; Tian, Y.; Chen, W.; Du, C.; Jiang, Z.; Shi, S. (2019). "Significance of Photosynthetic Characters in the Evolution of Asian Gnetum (Gnetales)". Frontiers in Plant Science. 10: 39. doi:10.3389/fpls.2019.00039. PMC 6370715. PMID 30804953.
of Gnetum.[citation needed] There are over 50 different species of Gnetum. Gnetum interruptum Biye Gnetum latispicum Biye Gnetum sect. GnetumGnetum subsect...
Gnetum gnemon is a gymnosperm species of Gnetum, its native area spans from Mizoram and Assam in India down south through Malay Peninsula, Malay Archipelago...
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ginkgos), that consists of some 70 species across the three relict genera: Gnetum (family Gnetaceae), Welwitschia (family Welwitschiaceae), and Ephedra (family...
Indonesian chip, a bite-size snack kripik cracker, made of melinjo or belinjo (Gnetum gnemon) nuts (which are seeds). Emping crackers have a slightly bitter taste...
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Gnetophyta, the gnetophytes, various woody plants in the relict genera Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia. The fifth extant division is the flowering plants, also...
conifers (pines, cypresses, and relatives), followed by cycads, gnetophytes (Gnetum, Ephedra and Welwitschia), and Ginkgo biloba (a single living species)....
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in the Chinese herb Gnetum cleistostachyum. Yao Chun-Suo; Lin Mao; Liu Xin; Wang Ying-Hong (15 August 2003). "Stilbenes from Gnetum cleistostachyum". Acta...
Carmichael, Jeffrey; Friedman, William (1995). "Double Fertilization in Gnetum gnemon: The Relationship between the Cell Cycle and Sexual Reproduction"...
Gnetophyta, and is one of three living genera in Gnetophyta, alongside Gnetum and Ephedra. Informal sources commonly refer to the plant as a "living fossil"...
types include krupuk kulit (dried buffalo-skin crackers), emping melinjo (gnetum gnemon crackers), and kripik (chips/crisps), such as kripik pisang (banana...
with swallows such as eba, Semo and pounded yam. Nigerian cuisine Ubakala Gnetum africanum OnGACIOUS "How To Make Okazi Soup". The Guardian Nigeria News...
Black walnut Edible gymnosperm seeds that resembles nuts include: Ginkgo Gnetum Juniper Monkey-puzzle Pine nuts, including Pinhão Chilgoza pine Korean pine...
Some families and genera containing liana species include: Gnetophyta Gnetum Acanthaceae Mendoncia Thunbergia, such as T. grandiflora and T. mysorensis...
L. M. X.; Yoshida, M.; Young, M. C. M. (1993). "Oligostilbenoids from Gnetum venosum". Phytochemistry. 34 (5): 1403–1407. Bibcode:1993PChem..34.1403B...
sweet potato, dried salted fish, kemangi (lemon basil) leaves and melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) leaves. In the eastern parts of Indonesia, the local congee is called...
aquilinum, Athyrium esculentum Fluted pumpkin Telfairia occidentalis Gnetum / Melinjo Gnetum gnemon Golden samphire Inula crithmoides Good King Henry Chenopodium...
African and Congolese cuisines, such as poulet mayonnaise and the vegetable Gnetum africanum (known as okok, fumbua, or m'fumbua). When not consumed immediately...
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