"Bourgeois" redirects here. For other uses, see Bourgeois (disambiguation).
The bourgeoisie (/ˌbʊərʒwɑːˈziː/ⓘBOOR-zhwah-ZEE, French:[buʁʒwazi]ⓘ) are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages, originally as a "middle class" between peasantry and aristocracy. They are traditionally contrasted with the proletariat by their wealth, political power, and education,[1][2] as well as their access to and control of cultural, social and financial capital.
The bourgeoisie in its original sense is intimately linked to the political ideology of liberalism and its existence within cities, recognized as such by their urban charters (e.g., municipal charters, town privileges, German town law), so there was no bourgeoisie apart from the citizenry of the cities.[3] Rural peasants came under a different legal system.
In communist philosophy, the bourgeoisie is the social class that came to own the means of production during modern industrialization and whose societal concerns are the value of private property and the preservation of capital to ensure the perpetuation of their economic dominance in society.[4]
^"bourgeoisie Facts, information, pictures | Encyclopedia.com articles about bourgeoisie". encyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
^Siegrist 2001, p. 785.
^Hoipkemier 2015, p. 651.
^"Bourgeois Society". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 27 November 1999. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
The bourgeoisie (/ˌbʊərʒwɑːˈziː/ BOOR-zhwah-ZEE, French: [buʁʒwazi] ) are a class of business owners and merchants which emerged in the Late Middle Ages...
Petite bourgeoisie (French pronunciation: [pətit(ə) buʁʒwazi], literally 'small bourgeoisie'; also anglicised as petty bourgeoisie) is a term that refers...
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"petty-bourgeoisie". Marxist writers have used the term in two distinct but related ways. In the first sense, it is used for the bourgeoisie (the urban...
counterposes a comprador bourgeoisie, perceived as the serving the interests of foreign imperial powers, to a national bourgeoisie, which is considered as...
tradition often refer to the capitalist state as the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie. Thinkers in the instrumental Marxist tradition stress the role of policymakers...
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word bourgeoisie, it follows Karl Marx's concept of the lumpenproletariat, a rejected underclass that sides readily with the elite bourgeoisie. The term...
means of production, which belong to the class of business owners, the bourgeoisie. Karl Marx argued that this capitalist oppression gives the proletariat...
struggle against the owners of the means of production, the 'bourgeoisie'. The bourgeoisie, through the "constant revolutionising of production [and] uninterrupted...
exploiting the proletariat. They subdivide as bourgeoisie and the petite bourgeoisie. Petite bourgeoisie: those who work and can afford to buy little labour...
class which aims to overcome class antagonism between proletariat and bourgeoisie by appealing to national unity. It is seen as a distraction from engaging...
into two great classes directly facing each other": I. Capitalists, or bourgeoisie, own the means of production and purchase the labor power of others II...
Habitants, and the Natifs. The Citoyens and the Bourgeois formed the bourgeoisie and, thus the patrician class of the Republic. The Citoyens (citizens)...
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the proletariat work but do not own the means of production, and the bourgeoisie, those who invest and live off the surplus generated by the proletariat's...
French was originally the official language used by the nobility and the bourgeoisie, especially after the rejection of the Dutch monarchy. French progressively...
capitalist class — the bourgeoisie — use cultural institutions to maintain power in capitalist societies. In Gramsci's view, the bourgeoisie develops a hegemonic...