The Mbugu people speak two divergent registers, which have been treated as separate languages by some authorities (e.g. Tucker and Bryan): Mbugu or "Normal Mbugu" (autonym kiMbugu) is purely Bantu, with vocabulary closely related to Pare, while Maʼa or "Inner Mbugu" (autonym kiMaʼa) consists of an inherited Cushitic vocabulary with Bantu morphology similar to that of Shambala and Pare. They share a grammar, to the point that their syntax is identical and a passage in one can be translated to the other simply by changing the content words.[3]
The Cushitic element was identified as South Cushitic by Ehret. However, Kießling (2001) notes a large East Cushitic admixture.[4] Mous presents the Cushitic element as a register of a Bantu language, and identifies it as largely East Cushitic rather than South Cushitic.[5]
^ abMbugu at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
^ abJouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
^Mous, Maarten (2003). The Making of a Mixed Language: the case of Maʼa/Mbugu. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.
^Roland Kießling, "South Cushitic links to East Cushitic", in Zaborski ed, 2001, New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics
Maʼa is a Bantu language of Tanzania. The Mbugu people speak two divergent registers, which have been treated as separate languages by some authorities...
Cobalt is a chemical element; it has symbol Co and atomic number 27. As with nickel, cobalt is found in the Earth's crust only in a chemically combined...
they fall within Bantu zones G and E. The languages, or clusters, are: Pare-Taveta (G20+E70): Pareic Pare, Mbugu Taveta Sabaki (G40+E70): Swahili, Nyika...
mixed language: The case of Ma'a/Mbugu. Creole language library (No. 26). Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. Sebba, Mark (1997). Contact Languages: Pidgins...
either the word N'kima ('monkey' in the Mbugulanguage, a regional dialect of Swahili), or, after the Meru language nickname for Ugali, a dish popular in...
District in Tanga Region of Tanzania. Tanzania's Mbugu (or Ma'á) language is one of the few true hybrid languages, combining Bantu grammar with Cushitic lexicon...
known of the language; what is recorded was probably Aasa lexical words used in a register of Maasai, similar to the mixed languageMbugu. Asa is usually...
reputedly combining Chasu (Bantu) grammar with Cushitic vocabulary (i.e. Mbugulanguage). The Pare were the main producers of iron for which there was considerable...
element of Mbugu (Ma'a) and Ongota. There is a wide range of opinions as to how the languages are interrelated. The positions of the Dullay languages and of...
(Southern Cushitic) Mous, Maarten (2003). The Making of a Mixed Language: The Case of Ma'a/Mbugu. Was there ever a Southern Cushitic Language (Pre-)Ma'a?...
Cushitic languages on the Bantu languages that either replaced them (e.g. Taita Cushitic) or resulted in a mixed language (i.e. Mbugulanguage). Most of...
Oromo, Somali, and Yaaku–Dullay. The vocabulary of the mixed register of Mbugu (Ma'a) may also be East Cushitic (Tosco 2002), though the grammatical basis...
to the making of Mbugu, a mixed language of the Usambara mountains in Tanzania. Yaaku at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Yaaku language at Ethnologue (18th...
Mixed Language: The Case of Ma'a/Mbugu. Amsterdam; Philadelphia: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 2003, ISBN 978-90-272-5248-7, p. 32. Ethnologue. Languages of Tanzania...
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group tends to be associated with shared ancestry, history, homeland, language or dialect and cultural heritage; where the term "culture" specifically...
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