This article is about the political leader. For the album by Burning Spear, see Marcus Garvey (album).
The Right Excellent
Marcus Garvey
ONH
Garvey photographed in 1924
Born
Marcus Mosiah Garvey
(1887-08-17)17 August 1887
Saint Ann's Bay, Colony of Jamaica
Died
10 June 1940(1940-06-10) (aged 52)
London, England
Alma mater
Birkbeck, University of London
Occupation(s)
Publisher, journalist
Known for
Activism, black nationalism, Pan-Africanism
Spouses
Amy Ashwood
(m. 1919; div. 1922)
Amy Jacques
(m. 1922)
Children
2
Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr.ONH (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940) was a Jamaican political activist. He was the founder and first President-General of the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL, commonly known as UNIA), through which he declared himself Provisional President of Africa. Garvey was ideologically a black nationalist and Pan-Africanist, his ideas came to be known as Garveyism.
Garvey was born into a moderately prosperous Afro-Jamaican family in Saint Ann's Bay and was apprenticed into the print trade as a teenager. Working in Kingston, he got involved in trade unionism before living briefly in Costa Rica, Panama, and England. On returning to Jamaica, he founded the UNIA in 1914. In 1916, he moved to the United States and established a UNIA branch in New York City's Harlem district. Emphasising unity between Africans and the African diaspora, he campaigned for an end to European colonial rule in Africa and advocated the political unification of the continent. He envisioned a unified Africa as a one-party state, governed by himself, that would enact laws to ensure black racial purity. Although he never visited the continent, he was committed to the Back-to-Africa movement, arguing that part of the diaspora should migrate there. Garveyist ideas became increasingly popular and the UNIA grew in membership. His black separatist views —and his relationship with white racists like the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in the interest of advancing their shared goal of racial separatism— caused a division between Garvey and other prominent African-American civil rights activists such as W. E. B. Du Bois who promoted racial integration.
Believing that black people needed to be financially independent from white-dominated societies, Garvey launched various businesses in the U.S., including the Negro Factories Corporation and Negro World newspaper. In 1919, he became President of the Black Star Line shipping and passenger company, designed to forge a link between North America and Africa and facilitate African-American migration to Liberia. In 1923 Garvey was convicted of mail fraud for selling the company's stock and he was imprisoned in the United States Penitentiary, Atlanta for nearly two years. Many commentators[who?] have argued that the trial was politically motivated; Garvey blamed Jewish people, claiming that they were prejudiced against him because of his links to the KKK. After his sentence was commuted by U.S. president Calvin Coolidge, he was deported to Jamaica in 1927. Settling in Kingston with his wife Amy Jacques, Garvey established the People's Political Party in 1929, briefly serving as a city councillor. With the UNIA in increasing financial difficulty, he relocated to London in 1935, where his anti-socialist stance distanced him from many of the city's black activists. He died there in 1940, and in 1964 his body was returned to Jamaica for reburial in Kingston's National Heroes Park.
Garvey was a controversial figure. Some in the African diasporic community regarded him as a pretentious demagogue and they were highly critical of his collaboration with white supremacists, his violent rhetoric and his prejudice against mixed-race people and Jews. He received praise for encouraging a sense of pride and self-worth among Africans and the African diaspora amid widespread poverty, discrimination and colonialism. In Jamaica he is recognized as a national hero being the first to be recognized as such[1]. His ideas exerted a considerable influence on such movements as Rastafari, the Nation of Islam and the Black Power Movement.
^"Order of National Hero – Jamaica Information Service". jis.gov.jm. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. ONH (17 August 1887 – 10 June 1940) was a Jamaican political activist. He was the founder and first President-General of the Universal...
Euphemia Jacques Garvey (31 December 1895 – 25 July 1973) was a Jamaican-born journalist and activist. She was the second wife of MarcusGarvey. She was one...
Garveyism is an aspect of black nationalism that refers to the economic, racial and political policies of UNIA-ACL founder MarcusGarvey. Ethiopia, thou...
MarcusGarvey Park (formerly and also named Mount Morris Park) is a 20.16-acre (81,600 m2) park on the border between the Harlem and East Harlem neighborhoods...
fraternal organization founded by MarcusGarvey, a Jamaican immigrant to the United States, and his then-wife Amy Ashwood Garvey. The Pan-African organization...
socio-political ferment inaugurated by MarcusGarvey", while for Cashmore, Garvey was the "most important" precursor of Rastafari. Garvey knew of the Rastas but his...
Back-to-Africa movement promoted by black nationalist figures such as MarcusGarvey. The religion developed after several Protestant Christian clergymen...
became a psychologist. Garvey has five older sisters: Gina, Louise, Sam, Karen, and Becky. His younger brother is the actor MarcusGarvey. In the early 1990s...
his father played for the club, and was named after Jamaican activist MarcusGarvey. Despite his father playing for Juventus and Barcelona, he as a child...
MarcusGarvey Village, also known as MarcusGarvey Apartments, is a 625-unit affordable housing development located in the Brownsville neighborhood of...
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religious movement, which began in Jamaica and Ethiopia during the 1930s. MarcusGarvey, born in Jamaica, was influenced by the Ethiopian king Haile Selassie...
Louis Heaton Pink Houses East New York 22 8 1,500 September 30, 1959 MarcusGarvey Houses Brownsville 3 6 and 14 321 February 28, 1975 Marcy Houses Bedford-Stuyvesant...
American Negro in the World War. Hill, Robert A.; Garvey, Marcus (4 November 1983). The MarcusGarvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers...
The MarcusGarvey Library in Tottenham, North London first opened in 1987. It is a branch of Haringey Libraries run by London Borough of Haringey and...
Justice and Equity. He serves as MarcusGarvey's son's lawyer in the effort to posthumously exonerate MarcusGarvey for mail fraud. Living in St. Louis...
Jeffersons and the Willises. MarcusGarvey Henderson (Ernest Harden Jr.) is George's young employee at Jefferson Cleaners. Marcus grew up in a rough neighborhood...
The Black Star Line (1919−1922) was a shipping line incorporated by MarcusGarvey, the organizer of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)...
states on the continent of Africa. The concept takes its origin from MarcusGarvey's 1924 poem "Hail, United States of Africa". The idea of a multinational...
nationalist MarcusGarvey to form a movement dedicated to returning Americans of African origin to Africa. During a speech in Harlem in 1920, Garvey stated:...
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original cultural homeland of Africa. This sentiment was spearheaded by MarcusGarvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association in the 1920s. Black...
key lyrics derived from a speech given by the Pan-Africanist orator MarcusGarvey titled "The Work That Has Been Done", which Marley publicly recited...
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