Malus sieversii is a wild apple native to the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan. It has recently been shown to be the primary ancestor of most cultivars of the domesticated apple (Malus domestica). It was first described as Pyrus sieversii due to its similarities with pears in 1833 by Carl Friedrich von Ledebour, a German naturalist who saw them growing in the Altai Mountains.[5]
Malus sieversii grows in many different habitats.[5] They prefer high temperatures and short winters, but they are also found in the Tian Shan Mountains with long and harsh winters.[5] They are distributed mainly within the Yili valley as the damp climate is suitable for their growth.[6][7]
It is a deciduous tree growing 5 to 12 metres (16 to 39 ft), very similar in appearance to the domestic apple. Its pollen grains vary in size and are seen to be ovular when dry and spherical when swelled with water.[7] Its fruit is the largest of any species of Malus except domestica, up to 7 cm in diameter, equal in size to many modern apple cultivars. Unlike domesticated varieties, its leaves go red in autumn: 62% of the trees in the wild do this compared to only 2.8% of the regular apple plant or the
2,170 English cultivated varieties.[8] The species is now considered vulnerable to extinction.
^Participants of the FFI/IUCN SSC Central Asian regional tree Red Listing workshop, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (11-13 July 2006) (2007). "Malus sieversii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T32363A9693009. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T32363A9693009.en.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^"Malus sieversii". Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh. Retrieved 2018-08-17 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
^Gu, Cuizhi; Spongberg, Stephen A. "Malus sieversii". Flora of China. Vol. 9 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
^ abcDzhangaliev, A. D. (2010-07-05), "The Wild Apple Tree of Kazakhstan", Horticultural Reviews, Oxford, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., pp. 63–303, doi:10.1002/9780470650868.ch2, ISBN 9780470650868, retrieved 2021-12-04
^Shan, Qianjuan; Ling, Hongbo; Zhao, Hangzheng; Li, Mengyi; Wang, Zikang; Zhang, Guangpeng (2021-06-16). "Do Extreme Climate Events Cause the Degradation of Malus sieversii Forests in China?". Frontiers in Plant Science. 12: 608211. doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.608211. PMC 8244594. PMID 34220874.
^Archetti, M (2009). "Evidence from the domestication of apple for the maintenance of autumn colours by coevolution". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1667): 2575–80. doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0355. PMC 2684696. PMID 19369261.
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