Global InformationKazakhstan information
Republic of Kazakhstan
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 Flag
 Emblem
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| Anthem: Менің Қазақстаным (Kazakh) Menıñ Qazaqstanym "My Kazakhstan" | |
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| Capital | Astana 51°10′N 71°26′E / 51.167°N 71.433°E |
| Largest city | Almaty 43°16′39″N 76°53′45″E / 43.27750°N 76.89583°E |
| Official languages |
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| Ethnic groups (2023)[1][2] |
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| Religion (2021)[3][4] |
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| Demonym(s) | Kazakh Kazakhstani[a] |
| Government | Unitary presidential republic under an authoritarian government[6][7] |
• President | Kassym-Jomart Tokayev |
• Prime Minister | Oljas Bektenov |
| Legislature | Parliament |
• Upper house | Senate |
• Lower house | Majilis |
| Formation | |
• Kazakh Khanate | 1465 |
• Alash Autonomy | 13 December 1917 |
• Kirghiz ASSR | 26 August 1920 |
• Kazakh ASSR | 19 June 1925 |
• Kazakh SSR | 5 December 1936 |
• Declaration of sovereignty | 25 October 1990 |
• Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan | 10 December 1991 |
• Independence from the USSR | 16 December 1991 |
• Recognised | 26 December 1991 |
• Current constitution | 30 August 1995 |
| Area | |
• Total | 2,724,900 km2 (1,052,100 sq mi) (9th) |
• Water (%) | 1.7 |
| Population | |
• 2024 estimate | 20,075,271[8] (62nd) |
• Density | 7/km2 (18.1/sq mi) (236th) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2024 estimate |
• Total |  $693.415 billion[9] (41st) |
• Per capita | $34,534[9] (56th) |
| GDP (nominal) | 2024 estimate |
• Total | $296.740 billion[9] (49th) |
• Per capita | $14,778[9] (64th) |
| Gini (2018) |  27.8[10]low |
| HDI (2022) | 0.802[11] very high (67th) |
| Currency | Tenge (₸) (KZT) |
| Time zone | UTC+5 (West / East) |
| ISO 3166 code | KZ |
| Internet TLD |
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Kazakhstan,[b] officially the Republic of Kazakhstan,[c] is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.[d] It borders Russia to the north and west, China to the east, Kyrgyzstan to the southeast, Uzbekistan to the south, and Turkmenistan to the southwest, with a coastline along the Caspian Sea. Its capital is Astana, while the largest city and leading cultural and commercial hub is Almaty. Kazakhstan is the world's ninth-largest country by land area and the largest landlocked country. It has a population of 20 million and one of the lowest population densities in the world, at fewer than 6 people per square kilometre (16 people/sq mi).[14] Ethnic Kazakhs constitute a majority, while ethnic Russians form a significant minority. Officially secular, Kazakhstan is a Muslim-majority country, although ethnic Russians in the country form a sizeable Christian community.
Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. In antiquity, various nomadic Iranian peoples such as the Saka, Massagetae, and Scythians dominated the territory, with the Achaemenid Persian Empire expanding towards the southern region. Turkic nomads entered the region from as early as the sixth century. In the 13th century, the area was subjugated by the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. Following the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 15th century, the Kazakh Khanate was established over an area roughly corresponding with modern Kazakhstan. By the 18th century, the Kazakh Khanate had fragmented into three jüz (tribal divisions), which were gradually absorbed and conquered by the Russian Empire; by the mid-19th century, all of Kazakhstan was nominally under Russian rule.[15] Following the 1917 Russian Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War, the territory was reorganized several times. In 1936, its modern borders were established with the formation of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union. Kazakhstan was the last Soviet republic to declare independence during the dissolution of the Soviet Union from 1988 to 1991.
Kazakhstan dominates Central Asia economically and politically, accounting for 60 percent of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil and gas industry; it also has vast mineral resources.[16] Kazakhstan has the highest Human Development Index ranking in the region. It is de jure a democratic, unitary, constitutional republic;[17] however, it is de facto an authoritarian regime[18][19] with no free elections.[20] Nevertheless, there have been incremental efforts at democratization and political reform since the 2019 resignation of President Nursultan Nazarbayev. Kazakhstan is a member state of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Commonwealth of Independent States, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, Eurasian Economic Union, Collective Security Treaty Organization, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, Organization of Islamic Cooperation, Organization of Turkic States, and International Organization of Turkic Culture.
- ^ "2023 жыл басына Қазақстан Республикасы халқының саны" (PDF). stat.gov.kz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2023.
- ^ Kazakhstan population by ethnic groups
- ^ "2021 жылғы Қазақстан Республикасы халқының ұлттық санағының қорытындылары" [Results of the 2021 Population Census of the Republic of Kazakhstan] (in Kazakh). Agency of Strategic Planning and Reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan National Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 2 September 2022. Retrieved 19 September 2022.
- ^ Viktorova, Polina (30 November 2022). "How the Number of Believers Changed in Kazakhstan". CABAR.asia. The Institute for War & Peace Reporting. Retrieved 11 March 2023.
- ^ Schneider, Johann F.; Larsen, Knud S.; Krumov, Krum; Vazow, Grigorii (2013). Advances in International Psychology: Research Approaches and Personal Dispositions, Socialization Processes and Organizational Behavior. Kassel university press GmbH. p. 164. ISBN 978-3-86219-454-4. Archived from the original on 27 February 2018.
- ^ "Frontline democracy and the battle for Ukraine". Democracy Index 2022. The Economist Intelligence Unit. 2023. p. 50. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
- ^ "Official website of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan".
- ^ "Kazakhstan's population hits the mark of 20 mln". inform.kz. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Kazakhstan)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 17 April 2024.
- ^ "GINI index (World Bank estimate)". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Archived from the original on 18 May 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2022.
- ^ "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
- ^ Porter, Malcolm; Lye, Keith (2008). Asia. Cherrytree Books. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-84234-461-3. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
- ^ World Factbook. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. 29 September 2021. Archived from the original on 9 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021. Kazakhstan: Geography
- ^ "Kazakhstan's population reaches 20 million. President Tokayev congratulates his fellow citizens". kursiv.kz. 16 November 2023. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
- ^ Galiev, Anuar (1998). "Traditional Institutions in Modern Kazakhstan". Src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
- ^ Zarakhovich, Yuri (27 September 2006). "Kazakhstan Comes on Strong". Time. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
- ^ "Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution". Parliament of Kazakhstan. Archived from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
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