Government of Indonesia
Indonesian National Armed Forces Indonesian National Police Pancasila Youth
Pasukan Jihad
Desa Sabaleh
Laskar Mujahida
Pasukan Merah
Pasukan Kuning
Lead figures
Ja'far Umar Thalib
Jumu Tuani
Rizieq Shihab
Abu Bakar Ba'asyir
Abu Bakar Wahid
Agus Wattimena †
Berty Loupatty
Alex Manuputty
Tonaas Wangko Lendy Wangke
Benny Betjara
Abdurrahman Wahid
Wiranto
Number
20,000
several thousands
Casualties
Death(s)
5,000 killed[1]
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The Maluku Islands sectarian conflict was a period of ethno-political conflict along religious lines, which spanned the Indonesian islands that compose the Maluku archipelago, with particularly serious disturbances in Ambon and Halmahera islands. The duration of the conflict is generally dated from the start of the Reformasi era in early 1999 to the signing of the Malino II Accord on 13 February 2002.
The principal causes of the conflict are attributed to general political and economic instability in Indonesia following the fall of Suharto and the devaluation of the rupiah during and after a wider economic crisis in Southeast Asia.[2] The forthcoming division of the then Maluku province into the current Maluku province and North Maluku province exacerbated existing district political disputes further[3][4] and, as the political dispute had been characterized along religious lines, inter-communal fighting broke out between Christian and Muslim communities in January 1999, cascading into what could be described as all out warfare and atrocities against the civilian population committed by both sides.[5] The main belligerents were therefore religious militia from both faiths,[6] including the well organised Islamist Laskar Jihad,[7] and Indonesian government military forces.[8]
^"Saling bunuh, saling bakar sampai... 'sayang kamu semua': Mantan tentara anak Islam dan Kristen Ambon". BBC. 27 February 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2022.
^Bertrand 2004, p. 122
^Cite error: The named reference north was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Bertrand 2004, pp. 129–131
^Hedman 2008, p. 50
^Sidel 2007, p. 181
^Sidel 2007, p. 184
^Bertrand 2004, p. 133
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