Made in China 2025 (Chinese: 中国制造2025; pinyin: Zhōngguózhìzào èrlíng'èrwǔ)[1] (MIC25,[2]MIC 2025,[3] or MIC2025)[4] is a national strategic plan and industrial policy[5] of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) to further develop the manufacturing sector of China, issued by CCP general secretary Xi Jinping and Chinese Premier Li Keqiang's cabinet in May 2015.[6] As part of the thirteenth and fourteenth five-year plans, China aims to move away from being the "world's factory"—a producer of cheap low-tech goods facilitated by lower labour costs and supply chain advantages. The industrial policy aims to upgrade the manufacturing capabilities of Chinese industries, growing from labor-intensive workshops into a more technology-intensive powerhouse.[7]
Made in China 2025's goals include increasing the Chinese-domestic content of core materials to 40 percent by 2020 and 70 percent by 2025.[8] To help achieve independence from foreign suppliers, the initiative encourages increased production in high-tech products and services, with its semiconductor industry central to the industrial plan, partly because advances in chip technology may "lead to breakthroughs in other areas of technology, handing the advantage to whoever has the best chips – an advantage that currently is out of Beijing’s reach."[4][9][10][11]
Since 2018, following a backlash from the U.S., Europe, and elsewhere, the phrase "MIC 2025" has been de-emphasized in government and other official communications,[12][13] while the program remains in place. The Chinese government continues to invest heavily in identified technologies.[12] In 2018, the Chinese government committed to investing roughly US$300 billion into achieving the industrial plan.[11] In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, at least an additional $1.4 trillion was also invested into MIC 2025 initiatives.[14] Given China's current middle income country status, the practicality of its disproportionate expenditure on pioneering new technologies has been called into question.[15][16]
^Made in China 2025 Archived 2018-12-29 at the Wayback Machine. CSIS, June 1, 2015.
^"What is the 2019 biggest tech trend in China?". Red Digital. 2020-07-16. Archived from the original on 2021-02-06. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
^"Made in China 2025: The Industrial Plan that China Doesn't Want Anyone Talking About". PBS. 2020-05-07. Archived from the original on 2020-11-07. Retrieved 12 November 2020.
^ abChan, Elaine (2020-09-24). "'Made in China 2025': how new technologies could help Beijing achieve its dream of becoming a semiconductor giant". scmp.com. South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 11 November 2020.
^"Made in China 2025: Global Ambitions Built on Local Protections" (PDF). United States Chamber of Commerce. March 16, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2021.
^"Made in China 2025" plan unveiled to boost manufacturing Archived 2018-07-25 at the Wayback Machine. China News Service, May 2015.
^"China to invest big in 'Made in China 2025' strategy". english.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
^Foreign Firms Wary Of 'Made In China 2025,' But It May Be China's Best Chance At Innovation Archived 2018-07-25 at the Wayback Machine forbes.com Sara Hsu, March 10, 2017.
^"China memory chip output zooms from zero to 5% of world total". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 2020-03-29. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
^"Taiwan loses 3,000 chip engineers to 'Made in China 2025'". Nikkei Asian Review. Archived from the original on 2020-03-28. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
^ abFang, Jason; Walsh, Michael (2018-04-29). "What is Made in China 2025 and why is the world concerned about it?". ABC News. Archived from the original on 2019-01-10. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
^ abDoshi, Rush (2020-07-31). "The United States, China, and the contest for the Fourth Industrial Revolution". Brookings. Archived from the original on 2020-11-02. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
^"Beijing eases back on 'Made in China 2025' amid trade talks with U.S." Reuters. 2018-12-13. Archived from the original on 2020-11-05. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
^"Analysis | China Is Winning the Trillion-Dollar 5G War". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2023-05-03.
^Cite error: The named reference Lynne Rienner Publishers was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Magnier, Mark (March 7, 2017). "China's Latest Industrial Policy Is a Waste and a Challenge, Business Group Says". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March 14, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
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