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Since the 1930s English has created numerous portmanteau words using the word English as the second element. These refer to varieties of English that are heavily influenced by other languages or that are typical of speakers from a certain country or region. The term can mean a type of English heavily influenced by another language (typically the speaker's L1) in accent, lexis, syntax, etc., or to the practice of code-switching between languages.
In some cases, the word refers to the use of the Latin alphabet to write languages that use a difference script, especially common on computer platforms that only allow Latin input such as online chat, social networks, emails and SMS.
The practice of forming new words in this way has become increasingly popular since the 1990s. One scholarly article lists 510 such terms, known as "lishes", some of which are sourced from user-generated wikis.[1]
The following is a list of lishes that have Wikipedia pages.
^Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-Wide, 39(1): 1-33. doi:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam
"lishes", some of which are sourced from user-generated wikis. The following is a listoflishes that have Wikipedia pages. Arablish - a mixture of Arabic and...
the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES)). Japanese Pidgin English List of lishes Danglish, equivalent between English and Danish Denglisch, equivalent between...
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Merely a Mirage". Journal of NELTA. 15 (1–2): 43–53. Lambert, James (2017). "A Multitude of 'Lishes': The Nomenclature of Hybridity". English World-Wide...
words of Yiddish origin Lambert, James (2018). "A multitude of "lishes": The nomenclature of hybridity". English World-Wide. 39 (1): 8, 13. doi:10.1075/eww...
189. ISBN 9781853599293. Lambert, James (2017). "A multitude of "lishes": The nomenclature of hybridity". English World-Wide. 38 (3). doi:10.1075/eww.38...
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multitude of ‘lishes’: The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 14. doi:10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of ‘lishes’:...
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As of October 2023[update], Asiana Airlines offers regular passenger and cargo service to over 80 destinations (except seasonal charter destinations) in...
1467-971x.2011.01741.x. Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 27. DOI: 10.1075/eww...
Airways. The list shows airports that have been served by Jetstar Asia as part of its scheduled services from 2004 to present. The list includes the city...
services, in 29 countries across Asia, Europe, North America and Oceania. Listof Cathay Dragon destinations HK Express destinations "Destinations". Cathay...
network spanning Asia, Europe, North America, Africa and Oceania. This is a listof destinations flown by Vietnam Airlines's passenger flights excluding codeshare...
Journal of the Institute of BangladeStudies. 30. Rajshahi: Institute of Bangladesh Studies: 10. 2007. Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes': The...
of 'lishes': The nomenclature of hybridity. English World-wide, 39(1): 33. DOI: 10.1075/eww.38.3.04lam Lambert, James. 2018. A multitude of 'lishes':...
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Air and subsidiary airlines currently serve the following destinations (as of May 2024): Note – Green background indicates carriers active on given routes...
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