Some of the most important explorations of State Societies, in chronological order:
Exploration
When
Who (explorer)
Northwest African coast (West Africa)
about 500 BC
Hanno the Navigator
The Mediterranean Sea
5th century BC
Himilco the Navigator
Around western Europe to Thule Island
about 330 BC
Pytheas of Marseilles
Greenland, Iceland, and Faroes
900
Gunnbjörn Ulfsson
Americas (North America)
999
Leif Ericson
Brazil (South America) - controversial
c. 14th century CE
Abu Bakr II
Sahelian kingdoms
1351-1354
Ibn Battuta
Great permanent wind wheel of Volta do Mar, the North Atlantic Gyre. Recognition of the Sargasso Sea, Madeira, Azores and West African coast. Cape Verde
1427-1460
Several navigators: Portuguese or serving Portugal, most under the sponsorship of Henry the Navigator
Congo River, Angola and Namibia
1482-1485
Diogo Cão
South Africa. Connected the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean. South Atlantic Volta do Mar winds
1482-1485
Bartolomeu Dias
Caribbean, Venezuela (South America) and Central America. Use and development of the North Atlantic routes
1493-1502
Christopher Columbus
Atlantic Ocean (outer routes) and Indian Ocean, Sea route to India (Europe to Asia)
1497-1499
Vasco da Gama
Brazil, South Atlantic Volta do Mar, Indian Ocean, Madagascar, gate of the Red Sea (Bab-el-Mandeb Strait); India. Voyage that united Europe, Americas, Africa and Asia
1500-1501
Pedro Álvares Cabral and Diogo Dias, among others
Timor, Moluccas (Australasia - Pacific Ocean)
1512-1513
António de Abreu and Francisco Serrão
Circumnavigation of the Globe. Connection from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean (Americas to Asia)
1519-1522
Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastián Elcano
Mexico
1519-1521
Hernán Cortés
Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia and east of the Inca Empire
1525-1527
Aleixo Garcia
Traveled across the Southwest of North America (Completely)
1528
Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca
Peru, Inca Empire and Ecuador
1531-1534
Francisco Pizarro
Ecuador and Brazil. Length of the Amazon River
1531-1534
Francisco de Orellana
Canada, Saint Lawrence River
1534-1542
Jacques Cartier
Colombia, Conquest of the Muisca
1536-1537
Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
Pacific Ocean's Volta do Mar (Asia to the Americas)
1564-1565
Andrés de Urdaneta
Galápagos Islands, Rapa Nui
c. 1480
Tupaq Inka Yupanki. 1594-1597 Rediscovered by the Spanish
North, Canada (Hudson Bay)
1574-1631
Henry Hudson
North
1594-1597
Willem Barents
Siberia and Pacific coast.
1649-1641
Ivan Yuryevich Moskvitin
Oceania
1642-1643
Abel Tasman
Brazil (Circumnavigation), Paraguay, Bolivia and Peru. Connected the River Plate Basin to the Andes and to the mouth of the Amazon River
1648-1651
António Raposo Tavares
Oceania
1768-1779
James Cook
North Pacific, western Alaska, Far East Eurasian Coast
1771
Moric Benovsky
Hawaiian Islands
By c. 800
Hawaiʻiloa (mythical)
Central America and Latin America
1799-1803
Alexander von Humboldt
Northwest Plateau of North America
1804-1806
Lewis and Clark Expedition
The North Magnetic Pole
1831-06-01
James Clark Ross
Australia
c. 1640
Makassar People before. Explored by Abel Tasman
Interior of Africa
1851-1873
David Livingstone
The Burke and Wills expedition (Central Australia)
1860-1861
Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills
Exploration of the Zambeze river region, Central Africa, Angola, Mozambique, Zambia, Zaire
1877
Serpa Pinto
The Northern Sea Route
1878
Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld
The South Magnetic Pole
January 16, 1909
Douglas Mawson, Edgeworth David, and Alistair Mackay
The North Pole
April 6, 1909
Robert Peary
The South Pole
December 14, 1911
Roald Amundsen
The South Pole
January 17, 1912
Robert Falcon Scott
Mount Everest Summit
May 29, 1953
Sir Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay
The Moon
July 20, 1969
Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and Buzz Aldrin (Apollo 11)
Mars
1960 to present
NASA and other space agency exploration robots
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