As of 2024, the United States, the Soviet Union, Japan, and the European Space Agency have conducted missions to comets.
Spacecraft
Launch date[1]
Operator
Comet
Mission
Outcome
Remarks
Carrier rocket[2]
ICE (ISEE-3)
12 August 1978
NASA United States / ESA
21P/Giacobini–Zinner
Flyby
Successful
Extended mission; Closest approach of 7,862 kilometres (4,885 mi) at 11:02 UTC on 11 September 1985. Also made distant observations of 1P/Halley in May 1986.[3]
Delta 2914
Vega 1 (5VK No.901)
15 December 1984
Soviet Union
1P/Halley
Flyby
Successful
Flew past Halley after visiting Venus; closest approach 8,889 kilometres (5,523 mi) at 07:20:06 UTC on 6 March 1986.[4]
Proton-K/D-1
Vega 2 (5VK No.902)
21 December 1984
Soviet Union
1P/Halley
Flyby
Successful
Flew past Halley after visiting Venus; closest approach at 07:20 UTC on 9 March 1986.[5]
Proton-K/D-1
Sakigake (MS-T5)
7 January 1985
ISAS Japan
1P/Halley
Flyby
Successful
Closest approach of 6.99 million kilometres (4.34 million miles) at 04:18 UTC on 11 March 1986.[6]
Mu-3S-II
Giotto
2 July 1985
ESA
1P/Halley
Flyby
Successful
Closest approach of 605 kilometres (376 mi) at 00:03:02 UTC on 14 March 1986.[7]
Ariane 1
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
Flyby
Successful
Extended mission. Closest approach of 200 kilometres (120 mi) at 15:30 UTC on 10 July 1992.[7]
Suisei (PLANET-A)
19 August 1985
ISAS Japan
1P/Halley
Flyby
Successful
Closest approach of 152,400 kilometres (94,700 mi) at 13:06 UTC on 8 March 1986[8]
Mu-3S-II
21P/Giacobini–Zinner
Flyby
Spacecraft failure (Extended mission)
Extended mission, spacecraft ran out of fuel en route; flyby had been scheduled for 24 November 1998[8]
Deep Space 1
24 October 1998
NASA United States
107P/Wilson–Harrington[9]
Flyby
Spacecraft failure
Spacecraft was unable to reach Wilson–Harrington due to ion engine operation being suspended while a problem with the probe's star tracker was investigated.[10]
Delta II 7326
19P/Borrelly
Flyby
Successful
Extended mission
Stardust (Discovery 4)
7 February 1999
NASA United States
81P/Wild
Flyby
Successful
Delta II 7426
Sample return
Successful
9P/Tempel
Flyby
Successful
Extended mission, Stardust-NExT, to survey crater caused by Deep Impact
CONTOUR (Discovery 6)
3 July 2002
NASA United States
2P/Encke
Flyby
Spacecraft failure
Delta II 7425
73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann
Flyby
Spacecraft failure
6P/d'Arrest
Flyby
Spacecraft failure
Flyby provisionally scheduled at time of spacecraft's failure
Rosetta
2 March 2004
ESA
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Orbiter
Successful
Entered orbit around 67P at 09:06 UTC on 6 August 2014. On 30 September 2016 mission ended in an attempt to slow land on the comet's surface near a 130 m (425 ft) wide pit called Deir el-Medina.
Ariane 5G+
Philae
2 March 2004
ESA / DLR Germany
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Lander
Successful
Carried by Rosetta. Came to rest on the surface of 67P at 17:32 UTC on 12 November 2014. Communications ceased with the loss of battery power at 00:36 UTC on 15 November 2014 and the lander began hibernating. Reactivated on solar power and briefly established contact with ground control again at 20:28 UTC on 13 June 2015, and sporadically until 9 July 2015 when the last communication was received.[11][12]
Ariane 5G+
Deep Impact (Discovery 7)
12 January 2005
NASA United States
9P/Tempel
Flyby
Successful
Delta II 7925
Impactor
Successful
Impact occurred at 05:52 UTC on 4 July 2005.
103P/Hartley
Flyby
Successful
Extended mission (EPOXI)
^McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". Jonathan's Space Page. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^Krebs, Gunter. "Interplanetary Probes". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 21 January 2013.
^"Solar System Exploration - ISEE-3/ICE". NASA. Archived from the original on 4 June 2015. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^"Solar System Exploration - Vega 1". NASA. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^"Solar System Exploration - Vega 2". NASA. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^"Solar System Exploration - Sakigake". NASA. Archived from the original on 18 August 2004. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^ ab"Solar System Exploration - Giotto". NASA. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^ ab"Solar System Exploration - Suisei". NASA. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^Wilson-Harrington is catalogued as both a comet and an asteroid
^"Solar System Exploration - Deep Space 1". NASA. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^"Rosetta's lander Philae wakes up from hibernation". European Space Agency, Rosetta Blog. 14 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
^Baldwin, Emily (20 July 2015). "Rosetta and Philae status update". European Space Agency. Retrieved 11 August 2015.
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