Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Chemical compound
Liquid hydrogen (H2(l)) is the liquid state of the element hydrogen. Hydrogen is found naturally in the molecular H2 form.[4]
To exist as a liquid, H2 must be cooled below its critical point of 33 K. However, for it to be in a fully liquid state at atmospheric pressure, H2 needs to be cooled to 20.28 K (−252.87 °C; −423.17 °F).[5] A common method of obtaining liquid hydrogen involves a compressor resembling a jet engine in both appearance and principle. Liquid hydrogen is typically used as a concentrated form of hydrogen storage. Storing it as liquid takes less space than storing it as a gas at normal temperature and pressure. However, the liquid density is very low compared to other common fuels. Once liquefied, it can be maintained as a liquid for some time in thermally insulated containers.[6]
There are two spin isomers of hydrogen; whereas room temperature hydrogen is mostly orthohydrogen, liquid hydrogen consists of 99.79% parahydrogen and 0.21% orthohydrogen.[5]
Hydrogen requires a theoretical minimum of 3.3 kWh/kg (12 MJ/kg) to liquefy, and 3.9 kWh/kg (14 MJ/kg) including converting the hydrogen to the para isomer, but practically generally takes 10–13 kWh/kg (36–47 MJ/kg) compared to a 33 kWh/kg (119 MJ/kg) heating value of hydrogen.[7]
^Thermophysical Properties of Hydrogen, nist.gov, accessed 2012-09-14
^ abcdInformation specific to liquid hydrogen Archived 2009-07-17 at the Wayback Machine, harvard.edu, accessed 2009-06-12
^GHS: GESTIS 007010
^"We've Got (Rocket) Chemistry, Part 1". NASA Blog. 15 April 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2021.
^Gardiner, Monterey (2009-10-26). DOE Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Record: Energy requirements for hydrogen gas compression and liquefaction as related to vehicle storage needs (PDF) (Report). United States Department of Energy.
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trailers, liquidhydrogen trailers, liquidhydrogen tank trucks or dedicated onsite production. Pipelines are the cheapest way to move hydrogen over long...
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magnets, are reached using liquid helium. Liquidhydrogen at -250 to -265 °C can also be used as a coolant. Liquidhydrogen is also used both as a fuel...
does produce NOx emissions. Cryogenic hydrogen can be used as a liquid at temperatures below 20 K. Gaseous hydrogen involves pressurized tanks at 250–350...
Slush hydrogen is a combination of liquidhydrogen and solid hydrogen at the triple point with a lower temperature and a higher density than liquid hydrogen...
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