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Lignosulfonates (LS) are water-soluble anionic polyelectrolyte polymers: they are byproducts from the production of wood pulp using sulfite pulping.[1] Most delignification in sulfite pulping involves acidic cleavage of ether bonds, which connect many of the constituents of lignin.[2]Sulfonated lignin (SL) refers to other forms of lignin by-product, such as those derived from the much more popular Kraft process, that have been processed to add sulfonic acid groups. The two have similar uses and are commonly confused with each other, with SL being much cheaper.[3] LS and SL both appear as free-flowing powders; the former is light brown while the latter is dark brown.[1]
Lignosulfonates have very broad ranges of molecular mass (they are very polydisperse). A range of from 1,000 to 140,000 Da has been reported for softwood lignosulfonates with lower values reported for hardwoods. Sulfonated Kraft lignin tends to have smaller molecules at 2,000–3,000 Da.[1] SL and LS are non-toxic, non-corrosive, and biodegradable. A range of further modifications may be applied to LS and SL, including oxidation, hydroxymethylation, sulfomethylation, and a combination thereof.[3]
^ abcLebo, Stuart E. Jr.; Gargulak, Jerry D.; McNally, Timothy J. (2015). "Lignin". Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Kirk‑Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1002/0471238961.12090714120914.a01.pub3. ISBN 978-0-471-23896-6.
^E. Sjöström (1993). Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications. Academic Press.
^ abCite error: The named reference Aro was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
sap". Roads treated with lignosulfonates can be distinguished from those treated with calcium chloride by color: lignosulfonates give the road surface a...
water-insoluble material. Lignosulfonates are used in tanning leather, making concrete, drilling mud, drywall and so on. Oxidation of lignosulfonates was used to produce...
Sodium lignosulfonate (lignosulfonic acid, sodium salt) is used in the food industry as a de-foaming agent for paper production and in adhesives for items...
Franscesco (1999). "Fine Chemicals from Lignosulfonates. 1. Synthesis of Vanillin by Oxidation of Lignosulfonates". Org. Process Res. Dev. 3 (5): 330–340...
and especially within the lignin itself. The lignin is converted to lignosulfonates, useful ionomers, which are soluble and can be separated from the cellulose...
in a retarding effect. Plasticizers are commonly manufactured from lignosulfonates, a by-product from the paper industry. Superplasticizers have generally...
of products as retarders. The first class of water reducers was the lignosulfonates which has been used since the 1930s. These inexpensive products were...
clay-based muds; anionic polyelectrolytes (e.g. acrylates, polyphosphates, lignosulfonates (Lig) or tannic acid derivates such as Quebracho) are frequently used...
of superplasticizers: Ionic interactions (electrostatic repulsion): lignosulfonates (first generation of ancient water reducers), sulfonated synthetic...
more easily, with less consolidating effort. A typical plasticizer is lignosulfonate. Plasticizers can be used to reduce the water content of a concrete...
[citation needed] In sulfite pulping, lignin is removed from wood pulp as lignosulfonates, for which many applications have been proposed. They are used as dispersants...
deflocculant in drilling muds in 1940s-1950s, until it was replaced with lignosulfonates. Its red color gave the mixture the name red mud. Quebracho tannin...
into artificial humic acid (A-HA) and artificial fulvic acid (A-FA). Lignosulfonates, a by-product from the sulfite pulping of wood, are valorized in the...
co-products are produced including tall oil, rosin, vanillin, and lignosulfonates. Apart from these co-products; the system includes energy generation...
digestible cellulose, undegraded hemicellulose sugars, reactive lignin and lignosulfonates, and is characterized by efficient recovery of chemicals. The hydrolysis...
(Contributions to the Use of Alkaline Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins and Lignosulfonates in Gluing Wood Particles), WKI-Bericht No. 8, Braunschweig 1976 "Die...
8-tetraaminoanthraquinone prepared as Disperse Blue 1 with water and lignosulfonate dispersant. This is a semi-permanent dye as the dye molecules do not...
shown that gluconic acid production can be decreased in the presence of lignosulfonate. Addition of organic acids, specifically acetic acid, also helped in...
03%) are sodium carbonate, sodium silicate, sodium polyphosphates and lignosulfonates. Under favourable circumstances, pumpable slurries with less than 25%...
re-agglomeration. They include 1,2-propanediol, acetic acid, triethanolamine and lignosulfonates. Heat generated in the grinding process causes gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O)...
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