German "living space" ideas of settler colonialism (1890s–1940s)
For other uses, see Lebensraum (disambiguation).
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Lebensraum (German pronunciation:[ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm]ⓘ, living space) is a German concept of expansionism and Völkisch nationalism, the philosophy and policies of which were common to German politics from the 1890s to the 1940s. First popularized around 1901,[2]Lebensraum became a geopolitical goal of Imperial Germany in World War I (1914–1918), as the core element of the Septemberprogramm of territorial expansion.[3] The most extreme form of this ideology was supported by the Nazi Party and Nazi Germany. Lebensraum was a leading motivation of Nazi Germany to initiate World War II, and it would continue this policy until the end of the conflict.[4]
Following Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Lebensraum became an ideological principle of Nazism and provided justification for the German territorial expansion into Central and Eastern Europe.[5] The Nazi policy Generalplan Ost (lit.'Master Plan for the East') was based on its tenets. It stipulated that Germany required a Lebensraum necessary for its survival and that most of the populations of Central and Eastern Europe would have to be removed permanently (either through mass deportation to Siberia, extermination, or enslavement), including Polish, Ukrainian, Russian, Czech, and other Slavic nations considered non-Aryan. The Nazi government aimed at repopulating these lands with Germanic colonists in the name of Lebensraum during and following World War II.[6][7][8][9] Entire populations were ravaged by starvation; any agricultural surplus was used to feed Germany.[6] The Jewish population was exterminated outright.
Hitler's strategic program for world domination was based on the belief in the power of Lebensraum, especially when pursued by a racially superior society.[7] People deemed to be part of non-Aryan races, within the territory of Lebensraum expansion, were subjected to expulsion or destruction.[7] The eugenics of Lebensraum assumed it to be the right of the German Aryan master race (Herrenvolk) to remove the indigenous people in the name of their own living space. They took inspiration for this concept from outside Germany.[7] Hitler and Nazi officials took a particular interest in manifest destiny, and attempted to replicate it in occupied Europe.[9] Nazi Germany also supported other Axis Powers' expansionist ideologies such as Fascist Italy's spazio vitale and Imperial Japan's hakkō ichiu.[10]
^"Utopia: The 'Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation'". Munich and Berlin: Institut für Zeitgeschichte. 1999. Archived from the original on 2018-09-15. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
^William Mallinson; Zoran Ristic (2016). "The Political Poisoning of Geography". The Threat of Geopolitics to International Relations: Obsession with the Heartland. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 3 (19 / 30 in PDF). ISBN 978-1-4438-9738-9. Archived from the original on 2020-01-22. Retrieved 2017-01-24. [Also in:] Gearóid Ó Tuathail; Gerard Toal (1996). Critical Geopolitics: The Politics of Writing Global Space. U of Minnesota Press. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0816626038 – via Google Books.
^Graham Evans; Jeffrey Newnham, eds. (1998). Penguin Dictionary of International relations. Penguin Books. p. 301. ISBN 978-0140513974. Geopolitics (excerpt).
^Woodruff D. Smith. The Ideological Origins of Nazi Imperialism. Oxford University Press. p. 84.
^Allan Bullock & Stephen Trombley, ed. "Lebensraum." The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought (1999), p. 473.
^ abAndré Mineau (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity. Rodopi. p. 180. ISBN 978-9042016330 – via Google Books.
^ abcdBaranowski, Shelley (2011). Nazi Empire: German Colonialism and Imperialism from Bismarck to Hitler. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0521857390 – via Google Books.
^Jeremy Noakes (March 30, 2011). "BBC – History – World Wars: Hitler and Lebensraum in the East".
Lebensraum (German pronunciation: [ˈleːbənsˌʁaʊm] , living space) is a German concept of expansionism and Völkisch nationalism, the philosophy and policies...
Finnlands Lebensraum is a 1941 Finnish propaganda book that was published to support the Greater Finland ideology. It was written by the geographer Väinö...
well as gain additional lands for German expansion under the doctrine of Lebensraum and exclude those whom they deemed either Community Aliens or "inferior"...
German geographer and ethnographer, notable for first using the term Lebensraum ("living space") in the sense that the National Socialists later would...
heading into the Indian Ocean just west of Rajkot in India, to split the Lebensraum land holdings of Germany and the similar spazio vitale areas of Italy...
the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate Communism, generate Lebensraum ("living space") by dispossessing the native population, and guarantee...
create more Lebensraum (living space) for the German people by conquest and colonization. The Nazis did not create the concept of Lebensraum but adopted...
counterweight to urban ones. It is tied to the contemporaneous German concept of Lebensraum, the belief that the German people were to expand into Eastern Europe...
anti-Bolshevism. They promised a strong central government, increased Lebensraum ("living space") for Germanic peoples, formation of a national community...
Orientation or Eastern Policy", Hitler argued that the Germans needed Lebensraum in the East, a "historic destiny" that would properly nurture the German...
initially gave him significant popular support. One of Hitler's key goals was Lebensraum (lit. 'living space') for the German people in Eastern Europe, and his...
antisemitism, anti-communism, anti-slavism, anti-parliamentarianism, German Lebensraum ('living space'), belief in the superiority of an "Aryan race" and an...
economy. The program's operational guidelines were based on the policy of Lebensraum proposed by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in fulfilment of the Drang...
modern German states such as those that implemented Nazism's concept of Lebensraum. In Polish works the term Drang nach Osten could refer to programs for...
including Ukraine and Byelorussia. Their ultimate goal was to create more Lebensraum (living space) for Germany, and the eventual extermination of the native...
as Aryan. A key Nazi doctrine was "Living Space" (for Aryans only) or "Lebensraum," which was a vast undertaking to transplant Aryans throughout Poland...
with reversing Germany's territorial losses and acquiring additional Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for colonization. These ideas appealed...
justifications for Lebensraum. It contributed five ideas to German foreign policy in the interwar period: the organic state; lebensraum; autarky; pan-regions...
Europe was to be reduced in part through mass murder in the Holocaust for Lebensraum, with a significant amount expelled further east to Siberia and used as...
unless it was connected to the Union. Achieving a "Greater Bangladesh" as Lebensraum (additional living space) is alleged to be the reason for large-scale...
his second book and the debatable meaning of Lebensraum; although the Continentalists can use Lebensraum as evidence to counter. Fritz Fischer, a continentalist...
studied geopolitics under Karl Haushofer, a proponent of the concept of Lebensraum ('living space'), which became one of the pillars of Nazi ideology. Hess...
means "space, room, chamber"; 'räumen' means to empty, evacuate. See lebensraum, literally "living room" (that is, room for living - like an aquarium...
Arguably, the most influential of American policies can be seen in "Lebensraum," or an expansion of land exclusively for German Aryans, which saw the...