EPA illustration of lead sources in residential buildingsInfographic about lead in drinking water
The Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) is a United States federal regulation that limits the concentration of lead and copper allowed in public drinking water at the consumer's tap, as well as limiting the permissible amount of pipe corrosion occurring due to the water itself.[1] The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) first issued the rule in 1991 pursuant to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA). The EPA promulgated the regulations following studies that concluded that copper and lead have an adverse effect on individuals.[2] The LCR limits the levels of these metals in water through improving water treatment centers, determining copper and lead levels for customers who use lead plumbing parts, and eliminating the water source as a source of lead and copper. If the lead and copper levels exceed the "action levels", water suppliers are required to educate their consumers on how to reduce exposure to lead. In a 2005 report EPA stated that the LCR requirements had been effective in 96 percent of systems serving at least 3,300 people.[3]
The EPA has stated that the LCR has reduced exposure to lead "that can cause damage to brain, red blood cells, and kidneys, especially for young children and pregnant women." It also explained that the rule has reduced copper exposure "that can cause stomach and intestinal distress, liver or kidney damage, and complications of Wilson’s disease in genetically predisposed people."[4]
EPA published a revised LCR in 2021.[5]
^United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Washington, D.C. "Subpart I. Control of Lead and Copper." National Primary Drinking Water Regulations. Code of Federal Regulations,40 CFR 141.80et seq.
^McGill, Regina L. (November 1993). "The Influence of an Educational Fact Sheet on Small System Water Supplier Attitudes toward the Lead and Copper Rule". Journal of Environmental Health. 56 (4): 11–15. JSTOR 44534376.
^Bhardwaj, Vipin (December 2005). "Question & Answer: Lead and Copper Rule Revisions". Journal of Environmental Health. 68 (5): 46. JSTOR 44529092.
^Lead and Copper Rule: A Quick Reference Guide (Report). EPA. June 2008. EPA 816-F-08-018.
^EPA (2021-01-15). "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Lead and Copper Rule Revisions." Final rule. Federal Register, 86 FR 4198
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