Loudness, K-weighted, relative to full scale (LKFS) is a standard loudness measurement unit used for audio normalization in broadcast television systems and other video and music streaming services.[1][2][3]
LKFS is standardized in ITU-R BS.1770.[4][failed verification] In March 2011, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) introduced a loudness gate in the second revision of the recommendation, ITU-R BS.1770-2.[5] In August 2012, the ITU released the third revision of this recommendation ITU-R BS.1770-3.[6] In October 2015, the ITU released the fourth revision of this recommendation ITU-R BS.1770-4.[7] In November 2023, the ITU released the fifth revision of this recommendation ITU-R BS.1770-5.[8]
Loudness units relative to full scale (LUFS) is a synonym for LKFS that was introduced in EBU R 128.[9]
The EBU has suggested that the ITU should change the unit to LUFS, as LKFS does not comply with scientific naming conventions and is not in line with the standard set out in ISO 80000-8. Furthermore, they suggest the symbol for loudness level, k-weighted should be Lk, which would make Lk and LUFS equivalent when LUFS indicates the value of Lk with reference to digital full scale.[10]
LKFS and LUFS are identical in that they are both measured in absolute scale and both equal to one decibel (dB).[11]
Loudness units (LU) is an additional unit used in EBU R128. It describes Lk without direct absolute reference and therefore describes loudness level differences.
^
E.M. Grimm; R. van Everdingen; M. J. L. C. Schöpping. Towards a Recommendation for a European Standard of Peak and LKFS Loudness Levels(PDF) (Technical report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-09-12.
^"Mastering & loudness – FAQ". Spotify for Artists. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
^"Mixing and Mastering Using LUFS". Mastering The Mix. Retrieved 2020-02-13.
^ITU-R BS.1770 Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level(PDF), International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
^ITU-R BS.1770-2 Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level(PDF), International Telecommunication Union
^ITU-R BS.1770-3 Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level(PDF), International Telecommunication Union
^ITU-R BS.1770-4 Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level(PDF), International Telecommunication Union
^ITU-R BS.1770-5 Algorithms to measure audio programme loudness and true-peak audio level(PDF), International Telecommunication Union
^EBU Recommendation R 128: Loudness normalisation and permitted maximum level of audio signals(PDF), European Broadcasting Union, August 2011, p. 3, retrieved 2013-05-31
^EBU Tech 3343 - Practical guidelines for Production and Implementation in accordance with EBU R 128(PDF), European Broadcasting Union, retrieved 2014-03-14
full scale (LUFS) is a synonym for LKFS that was introduced in EBU R 128. The EBU has suggested that the ITU should change the unit to LUFS, as LKFS does...
LUF may refer to: Liberala ungdomsförbundet, the Liberal Youth of Sweden Living Universe Foundation, an organization that supports ocean and space colonization...
1770 recommendation and using the loudness measures LU (loudness units) and LUFS (loudness units referenced to full scale), specifically created with this...
will be at −18 LUFS, whereas on mobile devices and browsers, all music will be initially be played back at an integrated loudness of −14 LUFS. Shepherd, Ian...
(LUFS) is a File System on Linux, which is similar to FUSE in that a file system driver provides a bridge from kernel mode to user mode. With LUFS it...
Deutsche Lufthansa AG (German pronunciation: [ˌdɔʏtʃə ˈlʊfthanzaː ʔaːˈɡeː] ) is the flag carrier of Germany. When combined with its subsidiaries, it ranks...
Hermit language is an extinct West Manus language formerly spoken on Hermit, Luf and Maron Islands in western Manus Province, Papua New Guinea. It has been...
1990s Language family Trans–New Guinea Mailuan Laua Language codes ISO 639-3 luf Glottolog laua1245 ELP Laua Laua is classified as Critically Endangered by...
The Luxembourg franc (F or ISO LUF, Luxembourgish: Frang), subdivided into 100 centimes, was the currency of Luxembourg between 1854 and 2002, except...
Italian lira ITL 1,936.27 31 December 1998 1 January 1999 Luxembourg franc LUF 40.3399 31 December 1998 1 January 1999 Portuguese escudo PTE 200.482 31...
both analog and digital systems. This convention is the basis for the ITU's LUFS loudness unit, and is also used in Sound Forge and Euphonix meters, and Analog...
restores compatibility with recent Linux kernels by replacing the obsolete LUFS (Linux Userland File System) module with FUSE (File System in Userspace)...
Incremental File System Development LUFS-based unionfs for Linux Archived 28 August 2006 at the Wayback Machine (based on LUFS) DENX U-Boot and Linux Guide:...
Luke Air Force Base (IATA: LUF, ICAO: KLUF, FAA LID: LUF) is a United States Air Force base in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States. It is located...
ven ve awaẏ fare: All ẏs wermēs þt ve for care:— bot þt ve do for godẏs luf ve haue nothyng yare: hundyr þis graue lẏs John þe smẏth god yif his soule...
The Liberal Youth of Sweden (Swedish: Liberala ungdomsförbundet, LUF) is the youth wing of the Swedish Liberals. The Liberal Youth of Sweden has a long...
(LUF), purchased surimi base from Pacific Marine Food Products Co. Ltd., a company which confirmed that it had sourced from "vessels of concern". LUF also...
operating system standpoint. FUSE (file system in userspace, like LUFS but better maintained) LUFS (Linux userland file system – seems to be abandoned in favour...