Kurda information

Kurda was an ancient city-state and kingdom located in Northern Mesopotamia.^[1] Kurda emerged during the Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) and is attested in the administrative texts of this era as a city state and geographical territory in Upper Mesopotamia corresponding to modern northern Iraq.^[2]^[3]^[4] The city-state of Kurda is again attested by the Akkadian king Naram Sin in 23rd century BCE in his military campaigns in the land of Subarians.^[5]^[6] Various Archives of Mari around 18th century BCE mention Kurda as an independent Kingdom, sometimes in alliance with Babylon and sometimes allied with Mari.^[7]^[8] Kurda is also mentioned in the Tell Fekheriye tablets of the Assyrian kings Šalmaneser I (1263–1234 BC) and Tukulti-Ninurta I (1233–1198 BC), as one of the conquered territories in the Mitannian Empire.^[9]

^ Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Routledge. p. 610. ISBN 978-1-134-75091-7.
^ Bramanti, Armando (2020). The Pottesman Collection in the British Museum: Early Dynastic and Sargonic Administrative Texts, in "The Third Millennium", V.50. published by Brill.
^ "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
^ "Tex no. P221673, published by Sollberger & Edmond, 1972, in CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-04. Written forms: iri kur-da. Normalized forms: Kurda
^ Potts, D. T.; Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine (2020). The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume I: from the Beginnings to Old Kingdom Egypt and the Dynasty of Akkad. Oxford University Press. pp. 729–31. ISBN 978-0-19-068785-4.
^ Hennerbichler, Ferdinand (2010). Die Herkunft der Kurden: interdisziplinäre Studie (in German). Peter Lang. p. 105. ISBN 978-3-631-59327-1.
^ Heimpel, Wolfgang (2003). Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-080-4.
^ Munn-Rankin, J. M. (1956). "Diplomacy in Western Asia in the Early Second Millennium B.C." IRAQ. 18 (1): 68–110. doi:10.2307/4199599. ISSN 0021-0889. JSTOR 4199599. S2CID 163095769.
^ Bonatz, Dominik (2014-04-01). The Archaeology of Political Spaces: The Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont in the Second Millennium BCE. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 73–5. ISBN 978-3-11-026640-5.

[1] Liverani, Mario (2013). The Ancient Near East: History, Society and Economy. Routledge. p. 610. ISBN 978-1-134-75091-7.

[2] Bramanti, Armando (2020). The Pottesman Collection in the British Museum: Early Dynastic and Sargonic Administrative Texts, in "The Third Millennium", V.50. published by Brill.

[3] "CDLI-Archival View". cdli.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-04.

[4] "Tex no. P221673, published by Sollberger & Edmond, 1972, in CDLI-Found Texts". cdli.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2021-02-04. Written forms: iri kur-da. Normalized forms: Kurda

[5] Potts, D. T.; Radner, Karen; Moeller, Nadine (2020). The Oxford History of the Ancient Near East: Volume I: from the Beginnings to Old Kingdom Egypt and the Dynasty of Akkad. Oxford University Press. pp. 729–31. ISBN 978-0-19-068785-4.

[6] Hennerbichler, Ferdinand (2010). Die Herkunft der Kurden: interdisziplinäre Studie (in German). Peter Lang. p. 105. ISBN 978-3-631-59327-1.

[7] Heimpel, Wolfgang (2003). Letters to the King of Mari: A New Translation, with Historical Introduction, Notes, and Commentary. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-080-4.

[8] Munn-Rankin, J. M. (1956). "Diplomacy in Western Asia in the Early Second Millennium B.C." IRAQ. 18 (1): 68–110. doi:10.2307/4199599. ISSN 0021-0889. JSTOR 4199599. S2CID 163095769.

[9] Bonatz, Dominik (2014-04-01). The Archaeology of Political Spaces: The Upper Mesopotamian Piedmont in the Second Millennium BCE. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 73–5. ISBN 978-3-11-026640-5.

Kurda information

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