Jewish polemics and apologetics in the Middle Ages information
Jewish polemics and apologetics in the Middle Ages were texts written to protect and dissuade Jewish communities from conversion to Christianity, or more rarely to Islam. The terms polemics (from "battles") and apologetics (from "defence") may be distinguished[1] but may also be considered somewhat subjective.[2] A smaller number of proselytizing text also exists intended to convert Christians, or more rarely Muslims, to Judaism. However, the vast majority of Jewish polemical literature was written in response to Christian polemical writings and with a permanent reference to Christian arguments.[3]
^Robert Chazan Fashioning Jewish identity in medieval western Christendom, page 7, 2004. "I have used the term “polemics” broadly, not distinguishing between defensive thrusts, sometimes identified as apologetic, and attacks on the opposing faith. With regard to the distinction between those works intended for insiders and those for outsiders, I also use the inclusive term polemics, although I sometimes tend to call the latter missionizing or proselytizing works."
^The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion Page 60 ed. Adele Berlin, Maxine Grossman - 2011 "Jewish apologetics is less “apologetic” than the term indicates. Occasionally, too, Jews have gone on the attack."
^Philippe Bobichon, "Littérature de controverse entre judaïsme et christianisme : Description du corpus et réflexions méthodologiques (IIe-XVIe siècle) (textes grecs, latins et hébreux)", Revue d’Histoire ecclésiastique 107/1, 2012, pp. 5-48. online article According to Philippe Bobichon: "it is the permanent rooting in the historical reality that characterizes anti-Christian Jewish literature and distinguishes it from most anti-Jewish Christian writings. In all cases, without exception, this type of Jewish texts refer to a menace for the permanence of Judaism whose reality cannot be doubted." See: Ph. Bobichon, A Bird's Eye View on the Jewish Anti-Christian Literature
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forthright claims and to undermine the opposing position. The practice of such argumentation is called polemics, which are seen in arguments on controversial...
Enlightenment but drew upon earlier works inthe Late MiddleAgesand into diverse sources in antiquity. Jewish people had a long tradition of historical...
ha-Berit" contributed to JewishpolemicsandapologeticsintheMiddleAges, though it was not printed until a fragment was published in "Milḥemet Ḥobah" (Constantinople...
Philadelphia, Jewish Publication Society, 1979 Stephen Burnett, "Calvin’s Jewish Interlocutor: Christian Hebraism and Anti-JewishPolemics during the Reformation...
played a prominent role inthe development of Western civilization, particularly in Europe from late antiquity andtheMiddleAges. The six major branches...
native to the Eastern Mediterranean. They are one of the oldest Jewish communities in existence andthe oldest Jewish community in Europe. The Romaniotes...
of "Apologetics through Polemics" by David Westerlund, an associate professor at the department of comparative religion, Stockholm University and an expert...
static but dynamic, in a continual process of becoming as the universe evolves. From Apologetics to New Spirituality: Trends inJewish Environmental Theology...
Harnack's critical writings of Paul. In Sunni Muslim polemics, Paul plays the same role (of deliberately corrupting the early teachings of Jesus) as a later...
'God the Son') occurs in this way in Paul. Philip Schaff (1877b), The Creeds of Christendom. F. Donald Logan A history of the church intheMiddleAges Page...
The first-century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus provides external information on some people and events found inthe New Testament. The extant manuscripts...
Resurrection of Jesus: Apologetics, Polemics, History. New York: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-5676-9757-8. Barton, John; Muddiman, John (2010), The Pauline Epistles...
Morris treated the evidence inthe Israeli documents in an uncritical way, and did not take into account that they are, at times, apologetics. Morris's conclusion...
Temple ApologeticsandPolemicsin Early Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism. Mohr Siebeck. p. 2. ISBN 9783161543227. Olson, Roger E. (1999). The Story of...
distinct by the start of the MiddleAges. The conformity to the Old Testament concepts is shown in Matthew 4:10 and Luke 4:8 where in response to temptation...
Christianity inthe Making, Volume 1, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, p. 781-783 Allison, Dale C. Jr. (2021). The Resurrection of Jesus: Apologetics, Polemics, History...
Daniel (2007). "Parody andPolemics on Pentecost". In Gerhards, Albert; Leonhard, Clemens (eds.). Jewishand Christian Liturgy and Worship. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-474-2241-9...
Marcionite theology as deviations from the truth, and some thinkers, such as Ibn al-Malāḥimī (d. c. 1050) wrote polemics against them as others did against...
Mary as active inthe adulterous affair. According to Van Voorst, "It may contain a few older traditions from ancient Jewishpolemics against Christians...
and fifth centuries, especially by Hilary of Poitiers, Augustine, and Leo the Great. IntheMiddleAges, the theory was systematically taught by the Schoolmen...
UK in January. The Muslim Debate Initiative (MDI) is made up of Muslims "with experience in public speaking, apologetics, polemics, research and community...
David (2003). "Ahmed Deedat's Theology of Religion: Apologetics through Polemics". Journal of Religion in Africa. 33 (3): 263–278. doi:10.1163/157006603322663505...
the created world, or for the Greeks, the cosmos. This myth was taken up in later Jewishand Christian apocalyptic literature and projected into the future...
Europe. Inthe High and Late MiddleAges, Christianization was instrumental inthe creation of new nations in what became Eastern Europe, andinthe spread...
diagram which was in any regular use during theMiddleAges was "Scutum Fidei" (a Latin phrase meaning "Shield of the Faith", taken from the Vulgate of Ephesians...
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