American man who died during a clinical trial (1981–1999)
Jesse Gelsinger
Jesse Gelsinger (June 18, 1981 – September 17, 1999) was the first person publicly identified as having died in a clinical trial for gene therapy. Gelsinger suffered from ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, an X-linked genetic disease of the liver, the symptoms of which include an inability to metabolize ammonia – a byproduct of protein breakdown. The disease is usually fatal at birth, but Gelsinger had a milder form of the disease, in which the ornithine transcarbamylase gene is mutated in only part of the patient's cells, a condition known as somatic mosaicism. As his deficiency was partial, Gelsinger managed to survive on a restricted diet and special medications.
Gelsinger joined a clinical trial run by the University of Pennsylvania that aimed at developing a treatment for infants born with the severe form of the disease. On September 13, 1999, Gelsinger was injected with an adenoviral vector carrying a corrected gene to test the safety of the procedure. He died four days later at the age of 18, on September 17, apparently having suffered a massive immune response triggered by the use of the viral vector to transport the gene into his cells, leading to multiple organ failure and brain death.[1]
A Food and Drug Administration (FDA) investigation concluded that the scientists involved in the trial, including the co-investigator James Wilson (Director of the Institute for Human Gene Therapy), broke several rules of conduct:
Inclusion of Gelsinger as a substitute for another volunteer who dropped out, despite Gelsinger's having high ammonia levels that should have led to his exclusion from the trial.
Failure by the university to report that two patients had experienced serious side effects from the gene therapy.
Failure to disclose, in the informed-consent documentation, the deaths of monkeys given a similar treatment.
The University of Pennsylvania later issued a rebuttal,[2] but the university and Children's National Medical Center each agreed to pay more than $500,000 to the government.[3] Both Wilson and the University are reported to have had financial stakes in the research.[4][5] After his death, all gene therapy trials in the United States halted for a time.[6] The Gelsinger case was a severe setback for scientists working in the field and a reminder of the risks involved.[7]
^Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (November 28, 1999). "The Biotech Death of Jesse Gelsinger". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
^"Institute for Human Gene Therapy Responds to FDA – Almanac Between Issues". Upenn.edu. 2000-02-14. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
^Branca, MA (May 2005). "Gene therapy: cursed or inching towards credibility?". Nature Biotechnology. 23 (5): 519–21. doi:10.1038/nbt0505-519. PMID 15877060. S2CID 6628811.
^Greenberg, Daniel S. Science for Sale. The Perils, Rewards, and Delusions of Campus Capitalism. Chicago: U. Chicago Press, 2007, 324pp., pages 104–106.
^"Don't Compromise Ethics in Human Experiments, Bioethics Expert Says". Law.virginia.edu. 2008-04-18. Archived from the original on 2009-10-14. Retrieved 2010-11-16.
^"Challenges in Gene Therapy". University of Utah. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
^Wilson, James M. (2009-05-08). "A History Lesson for Stem Cells". Science. 324 (5928). Sciencemag.org: 727–728. Bibcode:2009Sci...324..727W. doi:10.1126/science.1174935. PMID 19423804. S2CID 206520573. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
JesseGelsinger (June 18, 1981 – September 17, 1999) was the first person publicly identified as having died in a clinical trial for gene therapy. Gelsinger...
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3302363. PMID 15454951. Stolberg SG (28 Nov 1999). "The Biotech Death of JesseGelsinger". The New York Times. Bushman FD (August 2007). "Retroviral integration...
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still want it. In 1999, the field of gene therapy was set back when JesseGelsinger died in a gene therapy clinical trial, suffering a massive inflammatory...
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(now part of PRA Health Sciences) in New Jersey, and the death of JesseGelsinger at the University of Pennsylvania. Some critics fault poor oversight...
University of Pennsylvania. During the trials, an 18-year-old named JesseGelsinger who had the genetic disease ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency,...
development of leukemia in some ADA-SCID patients along with the death of JesseGelsinger in another trial set back the development of this approach for many...
the safety of adenovirus vectors were raised after the 1999 death of JesseGelsinger while participating in a gene therapy trial. Since then, work using...
gene therapy clinical trial that resulted in the death of a patient, JesseGelsinger, in 1999 and a subsequent slowdown of the development of gene therapy...
experiment Henrietta Lacks Human radiation experiments J. Marion Sims JesseGelsinger Joseph Gilbert Hamilton Moore v. Regents of the University of California...
experiment Henrietta Lacks Human radiation experiments J. Marion Sims JesseGelsinger Joseph Gilbert Hamilton Moore v. Regents of the University of California...
provision banning them from further investments in China. Intel CEO Pat Gelsinger said during an earnings call on September 30, 2022, that CHIPS Act subsidies...
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