Iron preparation is the formulation for iron supplements indicated in prophylaxis and treatment of iron-deficiency anemia. Examples of iron preparation include ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, and ferrous fumarate. It can be administered orally, and by intravenous injection, or intramuscular injection.[1]
Early Iron Supplement for Anemia
Iron preparation stimulates red blood cell production. The action is regulated by various iron-binding proteins in the body, such as ferritin and transferrin. After transferring to the bone marrow cells, iron forms a complex with heme proteins for hemoglobin synthesis.[2]
Different dosage forms of iron preparation have different absorption mechanisms. Iron in oral iron preparations is absorbed in the gut via transporters and carrier proteins and released to the bloodstream.[3] Iron in parenteral iron preparation needs to be released by the cleavage of the surrounding complex by macrophages.[4] After reaching the bloodstream, it becomes a part of the endogenous iron pool and establishes normal human iron distribution, metabolism, and elimination.[5]
Iron poisoning is a fatal medical condition. Due to the saturation of iron-binding protein ferritin, iron in the plasma becomes toxic, promoting peroxidative mitochondrial damage and thus cell death.[6][7] The process of iron toxicity is divided into four clinical stages, which are gastrointestinal damage, improvement in condition, metabolic acidosis and hepatic failure, and intestinal obstruction due to scarring.[8][9] Whole bowel irrigation and iron chelation are used in the treatment of iron poisoning.[10]
^"Iron supplementation - WikEM". www.wikem.org.
^Iron Supplementation., Nguyen, M. (2021) “Iron Supplementation.” StatPearls [Internet]., U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^Hentze, Matthias W.; Muckenthaler, Martina U.; Galy, Bruno; Camaschella, Clara (July 9, 2010). "Two to tango: regulation of Mammalian iron metabolism". Cell. 142 (1): 24–38. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.06.028. PMID 20603012. S2CID 23971474.
^Danielson, Bo G. (December 2004). "Structure, chemistry, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous iron agents". Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 15 (Suppl 2): S93–98. doi:10.1097/01.ASN.0000143814.49713.C5 (inactive 31 January 2024). PMID 15585603.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
^Geisser, P.; Burckhardt, S. (2011). "The Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Iron Preparations". Pharmaceutics. 3 (1): 12–33. doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics3010012. PMC 3857035. PMID 24310424.
^Breuer, William; Epsztejn, Silvina; Ioav Cabantchik, Z. (1996). "Dynamics of the cytosolic chelatable iron pool of K562 cells". FEBS Letters. 382 (3): 304–308. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(96)00190-1. PMID 8605990. S2CID 34841287.
^McKnight, R. C.; Hunter, F. E. (25 June 1966). "Mitochondrial membrane ghosts produced by lipid peroxidation induced by ferrous ion. II. Composition and enzymatic activity". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 241 (12): 2757–2765. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96529-4. PMID 4223691.
^Covey, Thomas J. (1964). "Ferrous sulfate poisoning". The Journal of Pediatrics. 64 (2): 218–226. doi:10.1016/S0022-3476(64)80265-1. PMID 14119521.
^Stein, M.; Blayney, D.; Feit, T.; Goergen, T. G.; Micik, S.; Nyhan, W. L. (1976). "Acute iron poisoning in children". The Western Journal of Medicine. 125 (4): 289–297. PMC 1237310. PMID 1032228.
^Cite error: The named reference toxic2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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