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Medical condition
Iodine deficiency
Specialty
Endocrinology
Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet. It may result in metabolic problems such as goiter, sometimes as an endemic goiter as well as congenital iodine deficiency syndrome due to untreated congenital hypothyroidism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems. Iodine deficiency is an important global health issue, especially for fertile and pregnant women. It is also a preventable cause of intellectual disability.
Iodine is an essential dietary mineral for neurodevelopment among children.[1] The thyroid hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine contain iodine. In areas where there is little iodine in the diet, typically remote inland areas where no marine foods are eaten, iodine deficiency is common. It is also common in mountainous regions of the world where food is grown in iodine-poor soil.
Prevention includes adding small amounts of iodine to table salt, a product known as iodized salt. Iodine compounds have also been added to other foodstuffs, such as flour, water and milk, in areas of deficiency.[2] Seafood is also a well known source of iodine.[3]
In the U.S., the use of iodine has decreased over concerns of overdoses since mid-20th century, and the iodine antagonists bromine, perchlorate and fluoride have become more ubiquitous.[4] In particular, around 1980 the practice of using potassium iodate as dough conditioner in bread and baked goods was gradually replaced by the use of other conditioning agents[5] such as bromide.[citation needed]
Iodine deficiency resulting in goiter occurs in 187 million people globally as of 2010[update] (2.7% of the population).[6] It resulted in 2700 deaths in 2013, up from 2100 deaths in 1990.[7]
^"Risiko For Jodmangel i Norge" (PDF). Ernæringsrådet (in Norwegian). June 2016.
^Creswell J. Eastman, Michael Zimmermann (12 February 2014). "The Iodine Deficiency Disorders". Thyroid Disease Manager. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
^"Iodine in Seaweed". Archived from the original on 2012-07-31. Retrieved 2008-01-04.
^Meletis CD (2011). "Iodine: Health Implications of Deficiency". Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine. 16 (3): 190–194. doi:10.1177/2156587211414424. ISSN 1533-2101.
^K. Smith (24 August 1988). Trace Minerals in Foods. CRC Press. pp. 273–. ISBN 978-0-8247-7835-4.
^Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (Dec 15, 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607.
^Murray PC (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". Lancet. 385 (9963): 117–171. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.
Iodinedeficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet. It may result in metabolic problems such as goiter, sometimes...
heaviest essential mineral nutrient, iodine is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Iodinedeficiency affects about two billion people and...
hormones: the most common cause is iodinedeficiency. In iodine-deficient regions, hypothyroidism secondary to iodinedeficiency is the leading cause of preventable...
functioning properly. Worldwide, over 90% of goitre cases are caused by iodinedeficiency. The term is from the Latin gutturia, meaning throat. Most goitres...
of various salts of the element iodine. The ingestion of iodine prevents iodinedeficiency. Worldwide, iodinedeficiency affects about two billion people...
intellectual development in the baby or congenital iodinedeficiency syndrome. Worldwide, too little iodine in the diet is the most common cause of hypothyroidism...
billion people had iodinedeficiency in 2017. In 2020, 900 million women and children had anemia, which is often caused by iron deficiency. More than 3.1 billion...
treat iodinedeficiency, it was identified as an effective radiocontrast in 1921 by Sicard and Forestier, before returning as a tool to treat iodine deficiency...
of metabolism. T3 and T4 are partially composed of iodine, derived from food. A deficiency of iodine leads to decreased production of T3 and T4, enlarges...
link between seawater desalination and iodinedeficiency, finding iodine deficits among adults exposed to iodine-poor water concurrently with an increasing...
demand for iodine, and deficiency will result when a diet is high in selenium and low in iodine.[citation needed] Extra-thyroidal iodine exists in several...
usually contains an anti-caking agent and may be iodised to prevent iodinedeficiency. As well as its use in cooking and at the table, salt is present in...
Iodinedeficiency is a widespread problem in western, southern and eastern parts of China, as their iodized salt intake level is much lower than the average...
goitre that is associated with dietary iodinedeficiency. Some inland areas, where soil and water lacks iodine compounds and consumption of marine foods...
elements found on the earth." One of the biggest geochemical diseases is iodinedeficiency. Thirty percent of the world is at risk for it and insufficient intake...
disability in areas of the developing world where iodinedeficiency is endemic. Iodinedeficiency also causes goiter, an enlargement of the thyroid gland...
Creswell J. Eastman; Michael Zimmermann (12 February 2014). "The IodineDeficiency Disorders". Thyroid Disease Manager. Retrieved 2016-12-11. Keen, C...
for either an iodine, vitamin A, or iron deficiency. Although it is recognized that food fortification alone will not combat this deficiency, it is a step...
comes from the body trying to adapt to environmental conditions like iodinedeficiency or to new physiologic conditions like pregnancy. Autoimmune thyroid...
alcohol intake. Iodinedeficiency and endemic hypothyroidism are associated with hearing loss. If a pregnant mother has insufficient iodine intake during...
world, whereas iodinedeficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developing-world countries where the population is iodine-deficient. (Decreased...
mineral iodine. Commercial table salt in many countries is supplemented with iodine, and this has significantly reduced disorders of iodinedeficiency. Himalayan...
published that concluded that there is an extremely high rate of serious iodinedeficiency among the Israeli population, and in particular among pregnant women...
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