Toxic multinodular goiter (TMNG), also known as multinodular toxic goiter (MNTG), is an active multinodular goiter associated with hyperthyroidism.
It is a common cause of hyperthyroidism[2][3] in which there is excess production of thyroid hormones from functionally autonomous thyroid nodules, which do not require stimulation from thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).[4]
Toxic multinodular goiter is the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism (after Graves' disease) in the developed world, whereas iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developing-world countries where the population is iodine-deficient. (Decreased iodine leads to decreased thyroid hormone.) However, iodine deficiency can cause goiter (thyroid enlargement); within a goitre, nodules can develop. Risk factors for toxic multinodular goiter include individuals over 60 years of age and being female.[5]
^Carlé, Allan; Pedersen, Inge Bülow; Knudsen, Nils; Perrild, Hans; Ovesen, Lars; Rasmussen, Lone Banke; Laurberg, Peter (2011). "Epidemiology of subtypes of hyperthyroidism in Denmark: a population-based study". European Journal of Endocrinology. 164 (5): 801–809. doi:10.1530/EJE-10-1155. ISSN 0804-4643. PMID 21357288.
^de Rooij, A; Vandenbroucke, JP; Smit, JW; Stokkel, MP; Dekkers, OM (2009). "Clinical outcomes after estimated versus calculated activity of radioiodine for the treatment of hyperthyroidism: systematic review and meta-analysis". European Journal of Endocrinology. 161 (5). Bioscientifica: 771–777. doi:10.1530/EJE-09-0286. PMID 19671708.
^Krohn, K; Fuhrer, D; Bayer, Y; Eszlinger, M; Brauer, V; Neumann, S; Paschke, R (2005). "Molecular pathogenesis of euthyroid and toxic multinodular goiter". Endocrine Reviews. 26 (4): 504–524. doi:10.1210/er.2004-0005. PMID 15615818.
^Reid, JR; Wheeler, SF (2005). "Hyperthyroidism: diagnosis and treatment". American Family Physician. 72 (4): 623–630. PMID 16127951.
^A.D.A.M. Medical Encyclopedia (2012). "Toxic nodular goiter". U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
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goitre, nodules can develop. Risk factors for toxicmultinodular goiter include individuals over 60 years of age and being female. Symptoms of toxic multinodular...
Uninodular goitre: one thyroid nodule; can be either inactive, or active (toxic) – autonomously producing thyroid hormone. Multinodulargoitre: multiple...
structural enlargement in a critical site such as the thyroid (toxicmultinodulargoitre). Hypofunction of endocrine glands can occur as a result of the...
structural enlargement in a critical site such as the thyroid (toxicmultinodulargoitre). Hypofunction of endocrine glands can occur as a result of loss...
with both high and low activity of the gland. Toxicmultinodulargoitre, also known as multinodulartoxic goiter (MNTG) Nontoxic nodular goiter This article...
one or both sides—this used to be the most common operation for multinodulargoitre. Partial thyroidectomy —Removal of gland in front of trachea after...
levothyroxine) than in true hyperthyroidism (ensuing from toxic adenoma, toxicmultinodulargoitre or Graves' disease). SPINA-GD may therefore be an effective...
symptoms may eventually need medical care. A goitre may have one nodule – uninodular, multiple nodules – multinodular, or be diffuse. Often these abnormal growths...
William Moore operate on two toxicmultinodulargoitre patients under chloroform general anaesthesia; both died. Toxicgoitre patients frequently entered...
thyroid hormone. In hyperthyroidism caused by Graves' Disease or toxicmultinodular goiter, there is excess stimulation of the TSH receptor even when...
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