Global InformationImelda Marcos information
The Honorable Imelda Marcos CCLH | |
|---|---|
 Marcos in 2008 | |
| Member of the Philippine House of Representatives | |
| In office June 30, 2010 – June 30, 2019 | |
| Preceded by | Bongbong Marcos |
| Succeeded by | Eugenio Angelo Barba |
| Constituency | 2nd District of Ilocos Norte |
| In office June 30, 1995 – June 30, 1998 | |
| Preceded by | Cirilo Roy Montejo |
| Succeeded by | Alfred Romualdez |
| Constituency | 1st District of Leyte |
| Member of Parliament for Region IV (Metro Manila) | |
| In office June 12, 1978 – June 5, 1984 | |
| 1st Governor of Metro Manila | |
| In office February 27, 1975 – February 25, 1986 | |
| Appointed by | Ferdinand Marcos |
| Vice Governor | Mel Mathay (1979–1986) |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Joey Lina (OIC) |
| Minister of Human Settlements | |
| In office June 12, 1978 – February 25, 1986 | |
| President | Ferdinand Marcos |
| Preceded by | Office established |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| First Lady of the Philippines | |
| In role December 30, 1965 – February 25, 1986 | |
| President | Ferdinand Marcos |
| Preceded by | Eva Macapagal |
| Succeeded by | Vacant (1986–1992) [a] |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Imelda Remedios Visitacion Trinidad Romualdez[1] July 2, 1929 San Miguel, Manila, Philippines[b] |
| Political party | Nacionalista (1965–1978; 2009–present) |
| Other political affiliations | Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (1978–2015) |
| Spouse |
Ferdinand Marcos
(m. 1954; died 1989) |
| Children | Imee Marcos Bongbong Marcos Irene Marcos Aimee Marcos |
| Residence(s) | Makati, Metro Manila |
| Criminal information | |
| Criminal status | Released on bail pending appeal[3] |
| Conviction(s) | Graft[2] |
| ||
|---|---|---|
Presidency
First term
Second term
Martial law
Third and fourth terms
Family
Unexplained wealth
Legacy
Related
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Imelda Romuáldez Marcos[4] (locally [ɪˈmelda ˈmaɾkɔs]; born Imelda Remedios Visitación Trinidad Romuáldez; July 2, 1929) is a Filipino politician[5][6] who was First Lady of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986, wielding significant political power after her husband Ferdinand Marcos placed the country under martial law in September 1972.[7][8][9] She is the mother of current president Bongbong Marcos.[10]
During her husband's 21-year rule, Imelda Marcos ordered the construction of many grandiose architectural projects, using public funds and "in impossibly short order"[11] – a propaganda practice,[12][13] which eventually came to be known as her "edifice complex".[11][14] She and her husband stole billions of pesos[15][16] from the Filipino people,[17][18][19] amassing a personal fortune estimated to have been worth US$5 billion to US$10 billion by the time they were deposed in 1986;[20][21][22] by 2018, about $3.6 billion of this had been recovered by the Philippine government,[23][24] either through compromise deals or sequestration cases.[18][25]
Marcos and her family gained notoriety for living a lavish lifestyle during a period of economic crisis and civil unrest in the country.[9] She spent much of her time abroad on state visits, extravagant parties, and shopping sprees, and spent much of the State's money on her personal art, jewelry and shoe collections – amassing 3,000 pairs of shoes.[26][27][28] The subject of dozens[29] of court cases around the world,[23] she was eventually convicted of corruption charges in 2018 for her activities during her term as governor of Metro Manila; the case is under appeal.[30][6] She and her husband hold the Guinness World Record for the "Greatest Robbery of a Government",[31][32][33] putting Suharto of neighboring Indonesia at second.
The People Power Revolution in February 1986 unseated the Marcoses and forced the family into exile in Hawaii.[34] In 1991, President Corazon Aquino allowed the Marcos family to return to the Philippines to face various charges after the 1989 death of Ferdinand.[35][36] Imelda Marcos was elected four times to the House of Representatives of the Philippines,[37] and ran twice for the presidency of the Philippines but failed to garner enough votes.
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
- ^ Pedrosa 1987, pp. 16–17.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
CNN20181110was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "Imelda Marcos posts bail for graft conviction in Philippines". NBC News. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2020.
- ^ Lalu, John Gabriel (November 9, 2018). "FULL TEXT: Sandigan ruling on 10 graft cases vs Imelda Marcos". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on December 3, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
- ^ "Imelda Marcos convicted of graft, sentenced to prison". NBC News. Associated Press. November 9, 2018. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
- ^ a b Gutierrez, Jason (November 9, 2018). "Imelda Marcos Is Sentenced to Decades in Prison for Corruption". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Sicat2014was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Bonner, Raymond (1987). Waltzing with a dictator : the Marcoses and the making of American policy (1st ed.). New York: Times Books. ISBN 0-8129-1326-4. OCLC 15016107. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved September 10, 2022.
- ^ a b Tully, Shawn (January 9, 2014). "My afternoon with Imelda Marcos". Fortune. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
- ^ "The Woman Behind the Man". Martial Law Chronicles Project. April 25, 2018. Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
- ^ a b "The Powerful Imelda Marcos". The Washington Post. January 18, 1981. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
- ^ Rybczynski, Witold (October 19, 2005). "The political uses of public buildings". Slate Magazine. Archived from the original on August 5, 2020. Retrieved October 4, 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
CCPLicoEdificewas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ de Villa, Kathleen (September 16, 2017). "Imelda Marcos and her 'edifice complex'". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
- ^ Bueza, Michael (February 28, 2016). "At 30: PCGG by the numbers". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Fischer2019was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Manapat, Ricardo (1991) Some Are Smarter than Others: The History of Marcos' Crony Capitalism. Ateneo de Manila University Press.
- ^ a b Through the Years, PCGG at 30: Recovering Integrity –A Milestone Report (PDF). Manila: Republic of the Philippines Presidential Commission on Good Government. 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved March 7, 2022.
- ^ Warf, Barney (2018). Handbook on the Geographies of Corruption. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 335. ISBN 9781786434746.
- ^ "FALSE: 'No proof' that Marcos couple stole billions from Filipinos". Rappler. November 15, 2018. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
- ^ Tiongson-Mayrina, Karen (September 21, 2017). "The Supreme Court's rulings on the Marcoses' ill-gotten wealth". GMA News Online. Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2020.
- ^ Gerth, Jeff (March 16, 1986). "The Marcos Empire: Gold, Oil, Land and Cash". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
- ^ a b Viray, Patricia Lourdes. "Money Trail: The Marcos Billions". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on June 27, 2017. Retrieved September 29, 2020.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
:3was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Cite error: The named reference
Lustre2016RapplerAfter30YearsWhatwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Chiu, Patricia Denise M. (December 20, 2019). "Imelda asked to yield 896 'ill-gotten' artworks". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on April 12, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2020.
- ^ Ellison 1988, pp. 1–10.
- ^ Tantuco, Vernise L (September 21, 2018). "3,000 pairs: The mixed legacy of Imelda Marcos' shoes". Rappler. Archived from the original on November 11, 2018. Retrieved November 11, 2018.
- ^ "What's the latest on cases vs Imelda Marcos, family?". Rappler. October 25, 2019. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021. Retrieved September 28, 2020.
- ^ "Imelda Marcos convicted of graft, sentenced to prison". NBC News. Associated Press. November 9, 2018. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
- ^ "Greatest robbery of a Government". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
- ^ Drogin, Bob (November 4, 1991). "Imelda Marcos Weeps on Return to Philippines". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
- ^ The Guinness Book of World Records 1989. Bantam. March 1989. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-553-27926-9.
- ^ Duet for EDSA: Chronology of a Revolution. Manila, Philippines: Foundation for Worldwide People Power. 1995. ISBN 978-9719167006. OCLC 45376088.
- ^ Dent, Sydney (November 23, 2012). "A dynasty on steroids". The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on May 6, 2022. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- ^ Mydans, Seth (November 4, 1991). "Imelda Marcos Returns to Philippines". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 12, 2009. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
- ^ Casauay, Angela (May 23, 2013). "Pacquiao, Imelda Marcos wealthiest House members". Rappler. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018. Retrieved November 16, 2018.