September 28, 1989(1989-09-28) (aged 72) Honolulu, Hawaii, US
Resting place
Ferdinand E. Marcos Presidential Center, Batac, Ilocos Norte (1993–2016)
Libingan ng mga Bayani, Taguig, Metro Manila (since2016; disputed)[1][2][3]
Political party
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (1978–89)
Other political affiliations
Liberal (1946–65)
Nacionalista (1965–78)
Spouses
Carmen Ortega (common‑law)
(before 1954)
[4]
Imelda Romualdez
(m. 1954)
Children
9, including Imee, Bongbong, Irene, and Aimee
Parent
Mariano Marcos (father)
Alma mater
University of the Philippines Diliman (LL.B)
Occupation
Jurist
lawyer
politician
Signature
Nicknames
Apo Lakay
Ferdie
Macoy
Military service
Allegiance
Philippines
United States[b]
Years of service
1942–1945
Rank
First lieutenant
Major
Unit
21st Infantry Division (USAFFE)
14th Infantry Regiment (USAFIP-NL)
Battles/wars
World War II
This article is part of a series about Ferdinand Marcos
Early life
Military career
Stonehill scandal
Prime Minister
Presidency
Cult of personality
Economy
Monopolies
Cronies
Coco Levy Fund scam
Gintong Alay
Timeline
Communist insurgency
Moro conflict
First term
1965 election
1st Inauguration
balance of payments crisis
Second term
1969 election
campaign
2nd Inauguration
First Quarter Storm
Plaza Miranda bombing
Vietnam War
Martial law
Proclamation No. 1081
Human rights abuses
Torture
Rolex 12
Escalante Massacre
Chico River Dam Project
Masagana 99
Bataan Nuclear Power Plant
Journalism
Resistance
Religious
Indigenous
Workers
Protest art
Protest music
Third and fourth terms
1981 election and referendum
3rd inauguration
Assassination of Benigno Aquino Jr.
1986 election
4th inauguration
People Power Revolution
Family
Mariano (father)
Pacifico (brother)
Imelda (wife)
Bongbong (son)
Imee (daughter)
Irene (daughter)
Aimee (daughter)
Unexplained wealth
Overseas landholdings
Marcos mansions
Marcos jewels
Tallano gold conspiracy theory
Legacy
Burial
Historical distortion
Bust
Solid North
Marcos Japanese ODA scandal
Operation Big Bird
Marcos in film
Related
"Conjugal dictatorship"
Edifice complex
Category
v
t
e
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr.[c] (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino politician, lawyer, dictator,[7][8][9] and kleptocrat[10][11][12] who served as the tenth president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He ruled under martial law from 1972 until 1981[13] and kept most of his martial law powers until he was deposed in 1986, branding his rule as "constitutional authoritarianism"[14][15]: 414 under his Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (New Society Movement). One of the most controversial leaders of the 20th century, Marcos's rule was infamous for its corruption,[16][17][18] extravagance,[19][20][21] and brutality.[22][23][24]
Marcos gained political success by claiming to have been the "most decorated war hero in the Philippines",[25] but many of his claims have been found to be false,[26][27][28] with United States Army documents describing his wartime claims as "fraudulent" and "absurd".[29][30] After World War II, he became a lawyer then served in the Philippine House of Representatives from 1949 to 1959 and the Philippine Senate from 1959 to 1965. He was elected president of the Philippines in 1965 and presided over an economy that grew during the beginning of his 20-year rule[31] but would end in the loss of livelihood, extreme poverty for almost half the Philippine population,[32][33] and a crushing debt crisis.[34][33] He pursued an aggressive program of infrastructure development funded by foreign debt,[35][36] making him popular during his first term, although it triggered an inflationary crisis which led to social unrest in his second term.[37][38] Marcos placed the Philippines under martial law on September 23, 1972,[39][40] shortly before the end of his second term. Martial law was ratified in 1973 through a fraudulent referendum.[41] The constitution was revised, media outlets were silenced,[42] and violence and oppression were used[24] against the political opposition,[43][44] Muslims,[45] suspected communists,[46][47] and ordinary citizens.[44]
After being elected for a third term in the 1981 presidential election and referendum, Marcos's popularity suffered greatly, due to the economic collapse that began in early 1983 and the public outrage over the assassination of opposition leader Senator Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino Jr. later that year. This discontent, the resulting resurgence of the opposition in the 1984 parliamentary election, and the discovery of documents exposing his financial accounts and false war records led Marcos to call the snap election of 1986. Allegations of mass cheating, political turmoil, and human rights abuses led to the People Power Revolution of February 1986, which removed him from power.[48] To avoid what could have been a military confrontation in Manila between pro- and anti-Marcos troops, Marcos was advised by US president Ronald Reagan through Senator Paul Laxalt to "cut and cut cleanly".[49] Marcos then fled with his family to Hawaii.[50] He was succeeded as president by Aquino's widow, Corazon "Cory" Aquino.[51][52][53]
According to source documents provided by the Presidential Commission on Good Government (PCGG),[54] the Marcos family stole US$5 billion–$10 billion from the Central Bank of the Philippines.[55][56] The PCGG also maintained that the Marcos family enjoyed a decadent lifestyle, taking away billions of dollars[57] from the Philippines[58][59] between 1965 and 1986. His wife, Imelda Marcos, made infamous in her own right by the excesses that characterized her and her husband's "conjugal dictatorship",[60][61][62] is the source of the term Imeldific.[63] Two of their children, Imee and Bongbong, are active in Philippine politics, with Bongbong having been elected president in the 2022 presidential election. Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos held the Guinness World Record for the largest-ever theft from a government for decades,[64] although Guinness took the record down from their website while it underwent periodic review a few weeks before the 2022 election.[65]
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference contested was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Pedroza, Stephen (August 31, 2016). "Are we really burying Marcos' 'body'". Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
^Zambrano, Chiara (July 4, 2011). "Marcos in mausoleum-Wax or real?". Archived from the original on April 23, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
^Cite error: The named reference loveLiesLoot was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter; Setter, Jane; Esling, John (eds.). "Marcos". Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 305. ISBN 978-0-521-15255-6.
^The New Websters Dictionary of the English Language. Lexicon Publications, Inc. 1994. p. 609. ISBN 0-7172-4690-6.
^Bonner, William; Bonner, Raymond (1987). Waltzing with a Dictator: The Marcoses and the Making of American Policy. Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8129-1326-2.
^Fuentecilla, Jose V. (April 1, 2013). Fighting from a Distance: How Filipino Exiles Helped Topple a Dictator. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-09509-2. Archived from the original on November 20, 2021. Retrieved September 30, 2021.
^"Marcos: Rise and fall of a dictator". Philippine Daily Inquirer. November 19, 2016. Archived from the original on July 2, 2022. Retrieved January 26, 2018.
^David, Chaikin; Sharman, J.C. (2009). "The Marcos Kleptocracy". Corruption and Money Laundering: A Symbiotic Relationship. Palgrave Series on Asian Governance. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 153–186. doi:10.1057/9780230622456_7. ISBN 978-0-230-61360-7. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
^Root, Hilton L. (2019). "Lootable Resources and Political Virtue: The Economic Governance of Lee Kuan Yew, Ferdinand Marcos, and Chiang Kai-shek Compared". In Mendoza, Ronald U.; Beja, Edsel L. Jr.; Teehankee, Julio C.; La Viña, Antonio G. M.; Villamejor-Mendoza, Maria Fe (eds.). Building Inclusive Democracies In ASEAN. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. pp. 225–241. doi:10.1142/9789813236493_0013. ISBN 978-981-3236-50-9. S2CID 158645388. Archived from the original on April 16, 2022. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^Roa, Ana (September 29, 2014). "Regime of Marcoses, cronies, kleptocracy". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
^Lacsamana, Leodivico Cruz (1990). Philippine History and Government (Second ed.). Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. ISBN 971-06-1894-6. p. 189.
^Celoza, Albert F. (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0-275-94137-6. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
^Cite error: The named reference PalgraveNewHistoryofSEA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Shleifer, Andrei; Vishny, Robert W. (August 1, 1993). "Corruption*". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 108 (3): 599–617. doi:10.2307/2118402. ISSN 0033-5533. JSTOR 2118402. S2CID 265951232. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^Quah, Jon S.T. (2010). "Curbing Corruption in the Philippines: Is this an Impossible Dream". Philippine Journal of Public Administration. 54 (1–2): 1–43. Archived from the original on September 25, 2021. Retrieved September 1, 2020 – via University of the Philippines Diliman.
^Hodess, Robin; Inowlocki, Tania; Rodriguez, Diana; Wolfe, Toby, eds. (2004). Global Corruption Report 2004(PDF). Sterling, VA, USA: Pluto Press in association with Transparency International. pp. 13, 101. ISBN 0-7453-2231-X. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 13, 2022. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
^Traywick, Catherine (January 16, 2014). "Shoes, Jewels, and Monets: The Immense Ill-Gotten Wealth of Imelda Marcos". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on August 16, 2017. Retrieved August 27, 2017.
^"The weird world of Imelda Marcos". The Independent. February 25, 1986. Archived from the original on September 23, 2018. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
^Laurie, Jim (1986). "Excerpt – Imelda Marcos from ABC 20/20 March 1986". ABC News. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021.
^Conde, Carlos H. (July 8, 2007). "Marcos family returning to the limelight in the Philippines". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 28, 2018. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
^Cite error: The named reference amnestyInternational1975 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ab"Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime". Ateneo de Manila University. September 20, 1999. Archived from the original on September 1, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
^Bueza, Michael (August 20, 2016). "Marcos' World War II 'medals' explained". Rappler. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved July 20, 2017.
^"Marcos flees at last". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved June 29, 2017.
^Maynigo, Benjamin. "Marcos fake medals redux (Part II)". Asian Journal USA. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.
^Bondoc, Jarius (April 8, 2011). "Suspicions resurface about Marcos heroism". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on March 6, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
^Cite error: The named reference JeffGerth&JoelBrinkley19860123 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Maynigo, Benjamin. "Marcos fake medals redux (Part I)". Asian Journal USA. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017.
^"GDP (constant LCU) – Data". data.worldbank.org. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved August 2, 2017.
^"Under Marcos dictatorship unemployment worsened, prices soared, poverty persisted". IBON Foundation. November 25, 2016. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
^ abde Dios, Emmanuel S. (November 16, 2015). "The truth about the economy under the Marcos regime". Business World. Archived from the original on May 6, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
^Yamsuan, Cathy (December 12, 2011). "Open records of Marcos' spy agency, Enrile urges". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 7, 2023. Retrieved July 11, 2018.
^Mendoza, Ronald (February 26, 2016). "Ferdinand Marcos' economic disaster". Rappler. Archived from the original on September 22, 2021. Retrieved February 25, 2021.
^Galang, Ping (February 21, 2011). "The economic decline that led to Marcos' fall". GMA News. Archived from the original on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
^Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992). "IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines". Journal of Philippine Development. XIX (35).
^Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines". DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05: 3, 19.
^"Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on October 15, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
^"FM Declares Martial Law". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Philippines Sunday Express. September 24, 1972. Archived from the original on September 25, 2022. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
^Schirmer, Daniel B.; Shalom, Stephen Roskamm (1987). The Philippines Reader: A history of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship and Resistance. South End Press. p. 191. ISBN 978-0-89608-275-5.
^Rivett, Rohan (March 13, 1973). "The Mark of Marcos – Part I: A deafening silence in the Philippines". The Age. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
^Kushida, Kenji (2003). "The Political Economy of the Philippines Under Marcos – Property Rights in the Philippines from 1965 to 1986" (PDF). Stanford Journal of East Asian Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 1, 2014.
^ abPanti, Llanesca (October 16, 2018). "Imee done with apologizing for atrocities during Marcos regime". GMA News. Archived from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
^"Philippine Church Leaders Fear Failure of Government-Muslim Negotiations". UCA News. February 10, 1987. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
^Cortez, Kath M. (September 21, 2019). "Martial Law veterans recall fighting dark days of dictatorship". Davao Today. Archived from the original on November 6, 2020. Retrieved September 22, 2020.
^"Why the Late Philippine Dictator Was No Hero". Human Rights Watch. November 8, 2016. Archived from the original on November 30, 2022. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
^"From Aquino's Assassination to People's Power". Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved March 2, 2016.
^Hoffman, David; Cannon, Lou; Coleman, Milton; Dewar, Helen; Goshko, John M.; Oberdorfer, Don; W, George C. (February 26, 1986). "In Crucial Call, Laxalt Told Marcos: 'Cut Cleanly'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
^Reaves, Joseph A. (February 26, 1986). "Marcos Flees, Aquino Rules – Peaceful Revolt Ends In Triumph". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 6, 2014.
^Benigno Aquino Jr. (August 21, 1983). "The undelivered speech of Senator Benigno S. Aquino Jr. upon his return from the U.S., August 21, 1983". Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on October 7, 2023. Retrieved November 7, 2023.
^Laurie, Jim (August 21, 1983). "Last interview with and footage of Ninoy Aquino assassination". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 11, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
^Kashiwara, Ken (October 16, 1983). "Aquino's Final Journey". The New York Times Magazine. Archived from the original on November 11, 2017. Retrieved February 7, 2017.
^Pazzibugan, Dona Z. (February 13, 2014). "PCGG recovers $29M from Marcos loot". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
^"Hail to the thief". The Economist. November 12, 2016. Archived from the original on August 4, 2017. Retrieved July 9, 2017.
^"Chronology of the Marcos Plunder". Asian Journal. Archived from the original on October 23, 2015. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^Mogato, Manuel (February 24, 2016). "Philippines still seeks $1 billion in Marcos wealth 30 years after his ouster". Reuters. Archived from the original on August 2, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
^Tantiangco, Aya; Bigtas, Jannielyn Ann (February 25, 2016). "What Marcoses brought to Hawaii after fleeing PHL in '86: $717-M in cash, $124-M in deposit slips". GMA News. Archived from the original on February 8, 2017. Retrieved March 1, 2016.
^Heilprin, John (April 13, 2015). "Political Will guides Marcos case in Philippines". Swiss Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on July 11, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2016.
^Mijares, Primitivo (1976). The Conjugal Dictatorship of Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos-1(PDF). San Francisco: Union Square Publications. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved November 27, 2016.
^Warde, Ibrahim (May 25, 2011). "From Marcos to Gaddafi: Kleptocrats, Old and New". The World Post. Archived from the original on October 10, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2020.
^Doyo, Ma. Ceres P. (October 12, 2014). "'Imeldific' collection of artworks (partial list)". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on August 1, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
^Macapendeg, Mac (September 21, 2012). "Martial Law fashion: The Imeldific and the Third World look". GMA News. Archived from the original on July 1, 2015. Retrieved March 6, 2016.
^"Greatest robbery of a Government". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
^Patag, Kristine Joy (March 18, 2022). "Fact check: Guinness not disputing historical fact on 'greatest robbery of a gov't'". Philstar.com. Archived from the original on April 15, 2022. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino politician, lawyer, dictator, and kleptocrat who served...
tenth president, kleptocrat and dictator FerdinandMarcos and former first lady Imelda Marcos. In 1980, Marcos became Vice Governor of Ilocos Norte, running...
At 7:15 p.m. on September 23, 1972, President FerdinandMarcos announced on television that he had placed the Philippines under martial law, stating he...
careers of Imelda Marcos, Imee Marcos, Sandro Marcos and reached a fresh political apex with the presidency of Bongbong Marcos. Imee Marcos has attributed...
her husband FerdinandMarcos placed the country under martial law in September 1972. She is the mother of current president Bongbong Marcos. During her...
administration. As the son of 10th president FerdinandMarcos (who was in power from 1965 to 1986), Bongbong Marcos's presidential candidacy has been controversial...
The burial of FerdinandMarcos, a former Philippine President who ruled as a dictator for 21 years, took place on November 18, 2016, at the Libingan ng...
the daughter of FerdinandMarcos and former first lady Imelda Marcos and the older sister of the current president, Bongbong Marcos. She previously served...
Philippine President FerdinandMarcos, historically referred to using the catchphrase "Marcos cronies", benefited from their friendship with Marcos – whether in...
President Bongbong Marcos and First Lady Liza Araneta Marcos. Marcos, nicknamed "Sandro", was born Ferdinand Alexander Araneta Marcos III on March 7, 1994...
president FerdinandMarcos and former first lady Imelda Marcos. Marcos's presence is known as being "the quiet one" because among the Marcos siblings,...
Historical distortion regarding FerdinandMarcos is a political phenomenon in the Philippines. FerdinandMarcos was the country's president between 1965...
The bust of FerdinandMarcos along the Aspiras–Palispis Highway in Tuba, Benguet, Philippines, was a 30-meter (98 ft) concrete monument of former Philippine...
The Ferdinand E. Marcos Memorial Stadium, also known as Marcos Stadium, is a football and track stadium in Laoag, Ilocos Norte. The site of the present...
the father of FerdinandMarcos, who was President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986, and the grandfather of current senator Imee Marcos and the current...
Federal ng Pilipinas. Bongbong Marcos, a former senator from 2010 to 2016, is the son of former president FerdinandMarcos. Despite losing in the 2016 Philippine...
The military career of former Philippine President FerdinandMarcos during World War II has been the subject of debate and controversy, both in the Philippines...
The term "Marcos mansions" refers to at least 50 upscale residences in the Philippines of the family of President FerdinandMarcos. These are aside from...
Philippines in World War II. Jose P. Laurel Individuals pardoned by FerdinandMarcos. Hiroo Onoda – Imperial Japanese soldier who remained in hiding in...
Inauguration of FerdinandMarcos may refer to: First inauguration of FerdinandMarcos, 1965 Second inauguration of FerdinandMarcos, 1969 Prime ministerial...
former Philippine President FerdinandMarcos and former first lady Imelda Marcos. She was the only member of the immediate Marcos family to still be a minor...
2022 as the wife of Bongbong Marcos, the 17th and incumbent president of the Philippines. Born in Manila, Araneta Marcos is a graduate of Ateneo de Manila...
The dictatorship of Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos in the 1970s and 1980s is historically remembered for its record of human rights abuses,...
arrived in Malacañang Palace to secure it after FerdinandMarcos had left - marking the end of the Marcos dictatorship, and placing the palace under the...
former President of the Philippines FerdinandMarcos Sr. Wren, Christopher S. (1986-04-14). "THOUSANDS RALLY FOR MARCOS IN MANILA". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331...
timeline of the presidency of FerdinandMarcos in the Philippines covers three periods of Philippine history in which Marcos wielded political control. First...