An image schema (both schemas and schemata are used as plural forms) is a recurring structure within our cognitive processes which establishes patterns of understanding and reasoning. As an understudy to embodied cognition, image schemas are formed from our bodily interactions,[1] from linguistic experience, and from historical context. The term is introduced in Mark Johnson's book The Body in the Mind; in case study 2 of George Lakoff's Women, Fire and Dangerous Things: and further explained by Todd Oakley in The Oxford handbook of cognitive linguistics; by Rudolf Arnheim in Visual Thinking; by the collection From Perception to Meaning: Image Schemas in Cognitive Linguistics edited by Beate Hampe and Joseph E. Grady.
In contemporary cognitive linguistics, an image schema is considered an embodied prelinguistic structure of experience that motivates conceptual metaphor mappings. Learned in early infancy they are often described as spatiotemporal relationships that enable actions and describe characteristics of the environment. They exist both as static and dynamic version, describing both states and processes,[2] compare Containment vs. Going_In/Out, and they are learned from all sensorimodalities.
Evidence for image schemas is drawn from a number of related disciplines, including work on cross-modal cognition in psychology, from spatial cognition in both linguistics and psychology,[3] cognitive linguistics,[4] and from neuroscience.[5] The influences of image schemas is not only seen in cognitive linguistics and developmental psychology, but also in interface design[6] and more recently, the theory has become of increased interest in artificial intelligence[7] and cognitive robotics[8] to help ground meaning.
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^Cienki, Alan (1997), "Some Properties and Groupings of Image Schemas", Lexical and Syntactical Constructions and the Construction of Meaning, Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, vol. 150, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, p. 3, doi:10.1075/cilt.150.04cie, ISBN 978-90-272-3654-8, retrieved 2021-02-08
^Boroditsky, L (2000). "Metaphoric structuring: Understanding time through spatial metaphors". Cognition. 75 (1): 1–28. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.11.5402. doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00073-6. PMID 10815775. S2CID 11579775.
^Croft, W., & Cruse, D. A. (2004). Cognitive Linguistics (p. 374). New York: Cambridge University Press.
^Rohrer, Tim (2005-12-15), "Image schemata in the brain", From Perception to Meaning, Cognitive Linguistics Research, vol. 29, Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 165–198, doi:10.1515/9783110197532.2.165, ISBN 978-3-11-018311-5, retrieved 2021-01-26
^Kuhn, Werner; Frank, Andrew U. (1991), "A Formalization of Metaphors and Image-Schemas in User Interfaces", Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 419–434, doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2606-9_24, ISBN 978-94-010-5151-4, retrieved 2021-01-26
^Hedblom, Maria M. (2020). Image Schemas and Concept Invention: Cognitive, Logical, and Linguistic Investigations. Cognitive Technologies. Cham: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47329-7. ISBN 978-3-030-47328-0. S2CID 219607936.
^Astor, James (2011-03-15). "Saying what you mean, meaning what you say: language, interaction and interpretation". Journal of Analytical Psychology. 56 (2): 203–216. doi:10.1111/j.1468-5922.2010.01902.x. ISSN 0021-8774. PMID 21434900.
An imageschema (both schemas and schemata are used as plural forms) is a recurring structure within our cognitive processes which establishes patterns...
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PMC 5493645. PMID 28667328. Rohrer T (2005). "Image schemata in the brain". From Perception to Meaning: ImageSchemas in Cognitive Linguistics. Cognitive Linguistics...
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