Idris Alooma information

Names
	Idris ibn ‘Ali ibn Idris ibn ‘Ali ibn Ahmad ibn ‘Othman ibn Idris

Idris Alooma
Idris Alooma
Amīr al-muʾminīn; Khalīfat Allāh;
54th Mai of Bornu
Reign	1571–1602/03
Predecessor	Abdullah ibn Dunama V
Successor	Muhammad ibn Idris Alooma
Queen regent	Aissa Koli
Born	Idris ibn Ali Zeinami
Died	Around modern-day Maiduguri
Burial	Alau Lake
Issue	Muhammad; Ibrahim; al-Haj Umar;
Names
Names
	Idris ibn ‘Ali ibn Idris ibn ‘Ali ibn Ahmad ibn ‘Othman ibn Idris
Dynasty	Sayfawa dynasty
Father	Ali ibn Idris Katagarmabe

al-Haj Idris Alooma (born Idris ibn Ali) was Mai (ruler) of the Bornu empire (r. 1571–1602/03), covering parts of Chad, Cameroon, Niger and Nigeria.^[3]^[4]^[5] His achievements are primarily chronicled by Ahmad bin Fartuwa, his chief Imam.^[6]^[7]^: 269 His reign marked the end of the Kanem civil wars within the state, reuniting N'jimi, the former capital, under Sayfawa control. Furthermore, he introduced significant legal reforms based on Islamic law, establishing qadi courts that operated independently from the executive branch. He is credited with leading the empire to what is often regarded as its zenith during the late 16th-century and early 17th-century.^[8]^: 151^[9]^[10]

Bornu faced instability before his reign, including famines, raids from neighbours, and internal conflicts. By the conclusion of his rule, he had successfully expanded Bornu's influence over vast territories, including the majority of Hausaland, the Tuareg of Aïr, the Tebu of Bilma, Tibesti, and even the Bulala of Kanem. Of particular note is the acquisition of Aïr and Bilma, which granted Bornu strategic control over the central Saharan trade routes. This development significantly contributed to the prosperity of Idris Alooma and his successors, enabling them to foster improved diplomatic relations with North African powers, notably Tripoli.^[11]^: 24

During the late 16th-century, the Ottoman Caliphate's expansion towards Fezzan, an important trade hub in the trans-Saharan trade, became a concern for Bornu. Alooma sought negotiations with Istanbul to regain control of Fezzan which Sultan Murad III declined, but urged amicable relations with Bornu. As tensions rose, Bornu sought aid from Morocco's Ahmad al-Mansur, potentially to counter Ottoman control. Though al-Mansur agreed conditionally, no historical evidence shows his actual support.^[12]^[13] Shortly after Bornu's final envoy to Morocco, between 1582–3 and 1585, the entire Ottoman garrison in Fezzan was slaughtered, leading to the return of the Awlad Muhammad dynasty. Historian Dr. Rémi Dewière (School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London) suggests that Alooma strategically exploited the rivalry between Morocco and the Ottoman Empire to reclaim Fezzan.^[10]^[14]

^ ^a ^b ^c Palmer 1926, p. 28.
^ Barth, Lodge & Train 1857, p. 658.
^ Lange, Diwan, 80-81; id., Sudanic Chronicle, 25.
^ Urvoy, Y. (1949). Historie De L'Empire Du Bronu (Memoires De L'Institut Francais D'Afrique Noire, No. 7 ed.). Paris: Librairie Larose. p. 75.
^ Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000). "The Kotoko City-States". A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation. Historisk-Filosofiske Skrifter, volume 21. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 531–546. ISBN 978-87-7876-177-4.
^ Lange, Sudanic Chronicle, 34-106.
^ Ajayi, J. F. Ade (1976). History of West Africa. Internet Archive. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04103-4.
^ Trimingham, J. Spencer (John Spencer) (1962). A history of Islam in West Africa. Internet Archive. London ; New York : Published for the University of Glasgow by the Oxford University Press.
^ Barth, Henry (1890). Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa. London: Ward, Lock, and Co. p. 361. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
^ ^a ^b Dewière, Rémi (2013–2014). "A struggle for Sahara: Idrīs ibn 'Alī's embassy to Aḥmad al-Manṣūr in the context of Borno-Morocco-Ottoman relations, 1577-1583". The Annual Review of Islam in Africa (12/1): 85–91.
^ Brenner, Louis (1973). The Shehus of Kukawa : a history of the Al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu. Internet Archive. Oxford : Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821681-0.
^ Cite error: The named reference :13 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference :11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTEPalmer192628-1] Palmer 1926, p. 28.

[FOOTNOTEBarthLodgeTrain1857658-3] Barth, Lodge & Train 1857, p. 658.

[4] Lange, Diwan, 80-81; id., Sudanic Chronicle, 25.

[Urvoy-5] Urvoy, Y. (1949). Historie De L'Empire Du Bronu (Memoires De L'Institut Francais D'Afrique Noire, No. 7 ed.). Paris: Librairie Larose. p. 75.

[6] Hansen, Mogens Herman (2000). "The Kotoko City-States". A Comparative Study of Thirty City-state Cultures: An Investigation. Historisk-Filosofiske Skrifter, volume 21. Kgl. Danske Videnskabernes Selskab. pp. 531–546. ISBN 978-87-7876-177-4.

[7] Lange, Sudanic Chronicle, 34-106.

[:2-8] Ajayi, J. F. Ade (1976). History of West Africa. Internet Archive. New York : Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04103-4.

[:6-9] Trimingham, J. Spencer (John Spencer) (1962). A history of Islam in West Africa. Internet Archive. London ; New York : Published for the University of Glasgow by the Oxford University Press.

[Barth-10] Barth, Henry (1890). Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa. London: Ward, Lock, and Co. p. 361. Retrieved 10 March 2019.

[:10-11] Dewière, Rémi (2013–2014). "A struggle for Sahara: Idrīs ibn 'Alī's embassy to Aḥmad al-Manṣūr in the context of Borno-Morocco-Ottoman relations, 1577-1583". The Annual Review of Islam in Africa (12/1): 85–91.

[:7-12] Brenner, Louis (1973). The Shehus of Kukawa : a history of the Al-Kanemi dynasty of Bornu. Internet Archive. Oxford : Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-821681-0.

[:13-13] Cite error: The named reference :13 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:11-14] Cite error: The named reference :11 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:0-15] Cite error: The named reference :0 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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