For the practice among non-humans, see Population control.
Map of countries by fertility rate (2020), according to the Population Reference Bureau
Human population planning is the practice of managing the growth rate of a human population. The practice, traditionally referred to as population control, had historically been implemented mainly with the goal of increasing population growth, though from the 1950s to the 1980s, concerns about overpopulation and its effects on poverty, the environment and political stability led to efforts to reduce population growth rates in many countries. More recently, however, several countries such as China, Japan,[1][2] South Korea,[3] Russia,[4] Iran, Italy,[4] Spain, Finland,[5] Hungary[6] and Estonia[7][8] have begun efforts to boost birth rates once again, generally as a response to looming demographic crises.
While population planning can involve measures that improve people's lives by giving them greater control of their reproduction, a few programs, such as the Chinese government's "one-child policy and two-child policy", have employed coercive measures.
^"Fears grow that Japan's birth rate and aging crisis could be worsened by pandemic". The Japan Times. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^"Japan to fund AI matchmaking to boost birth rate". BBC News. 8 December 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^Lee, David D. (27 December 2020). "Can South Korea lift the world's lowest birth rate by offering cash incentives?". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^ ab"How do countries fight falling birth rates?". BBC News. 15 January 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^"Business lobby calls for govt action to boost Finland's birth rate". Yle.fi. 19 January 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2021.
^"Hungary tries for baby boom with tax breaks and loan forgiveness". BBC News. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^Rooney, Katharine (12 November 2019). "This is how Estonia is growing its population". World Economic Forum. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
^Männi, Marian (11 July 2020). "Feature: Estonians starting to have more kids — because they can". ERR Online. Retrieved 21 September 2021.
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