Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts information
Writing conventions of eastern Asian countries
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An excerpt from The Cold Food Observance (寒食帖) by Song dynasty scholar Su Shi (1037–1101). The calligraphy is read in columns from top to bottom, from right to left.
Horizontal writing
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
橫排
Simplified Chinese
横排
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
héngpái
Wade–Giles
hêng2 pʻai2
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
vàng-phài
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping
waang4 paai4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
hêng-pâi
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet
viết ngang
Hán-Nôm
曰昂
Korean name
Hangul
횡서
가로쓰기
Hanja
橫書
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization
garosseugi
karossŭki
Japanese name
Kanji
横書き
横組み
Hiragana
よこがき
よこぐみ
Transcriptions
Romanization
yokogaki
yokogumi
Vertical writing
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
縱排
Simplified Chinese
纵排
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin
zòngpái
Wade–Giles
tsung4 pʻai2
Hakka
Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
chiûng-phài
chiúng-phài
Yue: Cantonese
Jyutping
zung1 paai4
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ
chhiòng-pâi
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese alphabet
viết dọc
Hán-Nôm
曰𫆡
Korean name
Hangul
종서
세로쓰기
Hanja
縱書
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization
serosseugi
serossŭki
Japanese name
Hiragana
たてがき
たてぐみ
Kyūjitai
縱書き
縱組み
Shinjitai
縦書き
縦組み
Transcriptions
Revised Hepburn
tategaki
tategumi
Many East Asian scripts can be written horizontally or vertically. Chinese characters, Korean hangul, and Japanese kana may be oriented along either axis, as they consist mainly of disconnected logographic or syllabic units, each occupying a square block of space, thus allowing for flexibility for which direction texts can be written, be it horizontally from left-to-right, horizontally from right-to-left, vertically from top-to-bottom, and even vertically from bottom-to-top.
Traditionally, written Chinese, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese are written vertically in columns going from top to bottom and ordered from right to left, with each new column starting to the left of the preceding one. The stroke order and stroke direction of Chinese characters, Vietnamese chữ Nôm, Korean hangul, and kana all facilitate writing in this manner. In addition, writing in vertical columns from right to left facilitated writing with a brush in the right hand while continually unrolling the sheet of paper or scroll with the left. Since the nineteenth century, it has become increasingly common for these languages to be written horizontally, from left to right, with successive rows going from top to bottom, under the influence of European languages such as English, although vertical writing is still frequently used in Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, Macau, and Taiwan.
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