History of the ancient Levant information

The Levant is the area in Southwest Asia, south of the Taurus Mountains, bounded by the Mediterranean Sea in the west, the Arabian Desert in the south, and Mesopotamia in the east. It stretches roughly 400 mi (640 km) north to south, from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert and Hejaz,^[1] and east to west between the Mediterranean Sea and the Khabur river.^[2] The term is often used to refer to the following regions or modern states: the Hatay Province of Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, and Jordan. The term sometimes include Cilicia, Cyprus and the Sinai Peninsula.

The Levant is one of the earliest centers of sedentism and agriculture throughout history, and some of the earliest agrarian cultures, Pre-Pottery Neolithic, developed in the region.^[3]^[4]^[5] Previously regarded as a peripheral region in the ancient Near East, modern academia largely considers the Levant was a center of civilization on its own, independent of Mesopotamia and Egypt.^[6]^[7] Throughout the Bronze and Iron ages, the Levant was home to many ancient Semitic-speaking peoples and kingdoms, and is considered by many to be the urheimat of Semitic languages.

^ A History of Ancient Israel and Judah by Miller, James Maxwell, and Hayes, John Haralson (Westminster John Knox, 1986) ISBN 0-664-21262-X. p.36
^ Cite error: The named reference Porter was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Turbón, Daniel; Arroyo-Pardo, Eduardo (5 June 2014). "Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands". PLOS Genetics. 10 (6): e1004401. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4046922. PMID 24901650.
^ Shukurov, Anvar; Sarson, Graeme R.; Gangal, Kavita (7 May 2014). "The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e95714. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995714G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095714. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4012948. PMID 24806472.
^ Cooper, Alan (9 November 2010). "Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities". PLOS Biology. 8 (11): e1000536. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 2976717. PMID 21085689.
^ Akkermans, Peter M.M.G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2003). The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000-300 BC). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79666-8.
^ Baffi, Francesca; Peyronel, Luca (2013). "Trends in Village Life. The Early Bronze Age Phases at Tell Tuqan". In Matthiae, Paolo; Marchetti, Nicolò (eds.). Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. Left Coast Press. ISBN 978-1-61132-228-6.

[1] A History of Ancient Israel and Judah by Miller, James Maxwell, and Hayes, John Haralson (Westminster John Knox, 1986) ISBN 0-664-21262-X. p.36

[Porter-2] Cite error: The named reference Porter was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[DT-3] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Turbón, Daniel; Arroyo-Pardo, Eduardo (5 June 2014). "Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands". PLOS Genetics. 10 (6): e1004401. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401. ISSN 1553-7404. PMC 4046922. PMID 24901650.

[4] Shukurov, Anvar; Sarson, Graeme R.; Gangal, Kavita (7 May 2014). "The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e95714. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...995714G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095714. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4012948. PMID 24806472.

[5] Cooper, Alan (9 November 2010). "Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities". PLOS Biology. 8 (11): e1000536. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536. ISSN 1545-7885. PMC 2976717. PMID 21085689.

[6] Akkermans, Peter M.M.G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2003). The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c. 16,000-300 BC). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-79666-8.

[7] Baffi, Francesca; Peyronel, Luca (2013). "Trends in Village Life. The Early Bronze Age Phases at Tell Tuqan". In Matthiae, Paolo; Marchetti, Nicolò (eds.). Ebla and its Landscape: Early State Formation in the Ancient Near East. Left Coast Press. ISBN 978-1-61132-228-6.

History of the ancient Levant information

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History of the ancient Levant

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History of the Levant
Prehistory
Levantine Aurignacian Kebaran culture Mushabian culture Natufian culture Halaf culture Ghassulian culture
Ancient history
Kish Ebla Armi Mari Nagar Akkadian Empire Amorites Qatna Amurru Yamhad Ugarit Urkesh Mitanni Canaanites Phoenicia Tyre Carthage Hittites New Kingdom of Egypt Alasiya Aram Aram-Damascus Aram-Zobah Paddan Aram Aram-Rehob Hamath Sea Peoples Syro-Hittite states Unqi-Pattina Palistin Sam'al Luhuti Philistia Israel and Judah Cilicia Neo-Assyrian Empire Neo-Babylonian Empire Achaemenid Empire Eber-Nari
Classical antiquity
Wars of Alexander the Great Seleucid Empire Antioch Coele-Syria Osroene Commagene Parthian Empire Nabatea Iturea Hasmonean dynasty Herodian kingdom Herodian Tetrarchy Roman Empire Roman Syria Judaea Syria-Palaestina Diocese of the East in the Later Roman-Early Byzantine times Palmyra Sassanid Empire
Middle Ages
Muslim conquest Rashiduns Bilad al-Sham Palestine Homs al-Urdun Qinnasrin Thughūr Umayyads Abbasids Fatimids Hamdanids Jarrahids Mirdasids Banu Munqidh Banu Ammar Uqaylids Numayrids Seljuks Crusades Antioch Edessa Jerusalem Tripoli Ayyubids Mamluks
Modern history
Ottoman Syria Al-Azms Ma'nids Harfushs Shihabs Jerusalem Mount Lebanon Jabal Amel Tripoli Mandatory Syria and Lebanon Mandatory Palestine Transjordan Syria Lebanon Jordan Israel Palestine Gaza Strip
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