Slavery in New Mexico existed among the Native American (Indian) tribes prior to the arrival of the first Europeans. In 1542, the Spanish king banned the enslavement of the Indians of the Americas in Spanish colonies, but the ban was mostly ineffective. The enslavement of Indians was common during the Spanish exploration and colonization of New Mexico from 1540 to 1821. Slaves of the Spanish included a few of the Pueblos living in the Spanish colony, but most slaves were captured from other Indian tribes in the region. Women were more valued than men as slaves. Slaves were not only valued for their labour, but were also a prestige item among the more prominent and prosperous of the Spanish colonists. Enslavement of an individual was not always permanent. Slaves, especially women, often gained kinship relationships with their owners. The offspring and descendants of enslaved persons were called genizaros and made up one-third of New Mexico's population in the early 19th centuries. In the Spanish caste system genizaros had low status, but were important for frontier defense and cultural contacts with Indian tribes. Forced labor and debt peonage were also features of slavery in New Mexico. Some Indians captured and enslaved in New Mexico were sent south to work in Mexican mines or even to distant places like Cuba to work on sugar plantations.
Spanish, mixed-blood people, and other Indians were frequently captured and enslaved by the Comanche and other Plains Indians. Many of the slaves were integrated into Indian tribes; some were ransomed or purchased by Spaniards and Franciscan missionaries.
After Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, all slavery was declared illegal but institutions of involuntary servitude continued. New Mexico became United States territory in 1846 and slavery became legal until the American Civil War from 1861 to 1865. Very few African-Americans lived in New Mexico; most slaves were Native Americans.[1] In the 21st century, slavery still exists in New Mexico and elsewhere in the form of human trafficking.
^New Mexico Territory Slave Code (1859–1867) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
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