Global InformationHistory of Urfa information
Urfa was founded as a city under the name Edessa by the Seleucid king Seleucus I Nicator in 303 or 302 BC.[1][2] There is no written evidence for earlier settlement at the site, but Urfa's favorable commercial and geographical placement suggests that there was a smaller settlement present prior to 303 BC. The indigenous Aramaic name for the site prior to the Seleucid period was Orhai or Orhay, which survives as the basis of the city's modern Turkish name.[1] Perhaps Orhai's absence from earlier written sources is due to the settlement having been small and unfortified prior to the Seleucid period.[3] Seleucus named the city Edessa after the ancient capital of Macedonia.[4]
In the late 2nd century, as the Seleucid dynasty disintegrated, it became the capital of the Arab Nabataean Abgar dynasty, which was successively Parthian, Aramean/Syriac kingdom Osroene, Armenian, and Roman client state and eventually a Roman province. Its location on the eastern frontier of the Empire meant it was frequently conquered during periods when the Byzantine central government was weak, and for centuries, it was alternately conquered by Arab, Byzantine, Armenian, and Turkoman rulers.[5] It fell under the rule of the Seljuks until the First Crusade. On 10 March 1098, the Crusader Baldwin of Boulogne induced the final Armenian ruler to adopt him as his successor then, after seizing power, established the first Crusader State in the East, known as the County of Edessa.[6] Unlike other crusaders states, Christian groups such as Armenian Apostolic were allowed to keep their customs and institutions,[6] and a level of religious tolerance was established towards Indigenous Christians, Jews and Muslims.[7]
Urfa was conquered by Imad al-Din Zengi in 1144[8] after a month-long siege, and from that point the city came under the Zengid dynasty.[9] The last Crusader count of Edessa besieged the city again in 1146 in an attempt to retake it from the Zengids, but only held the city for six days before being defeated by Zangi's son Nur ad-Din. Urfa's population was massacred in the process, and its Christian community never recovered.[10]
After the Zengids, Urfa was ruled by the Kurdish Ayyubid dynasty from 1182 to 1260, when it was captured by the Mongols.[11] In the early 1300s, it became part of the Mamluk Sultanate, and then the Aq Qoyunlu captured it in the early 1400s. The Ottoman Empire took Urfa from the Safavids around 1517 and ruled it until the 20th century. Under Ottoman rule, Urfa was initially was sanjak centre in Diyarbekir Eyalet,[12] lately made capital of Raqqa Eyalet, finally made part of the Aleppo Vilayet. The area became a centre of trade in cotton, leather, and jewellery.[13]
- ^ a b Schnusenberg, Christine (2010). The Mythological Traditions of Liturgical Drama: The Eucharist as Theater. New York: Paulist Press. p. 116. ISBN 978-0-8091-0544-1.
- ^ Murray, Alan V. (2006). The Crusades: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 378. ISBN 978-1-57607-862-4.
- ^ Segal, J. B. (2001) [1970]. "I. The Beginnings". Edessa:'The Blessed City' (2 ed.). Piscataway, New Jersey, United States: Gorgias Press. p. 5. ISBN 0-9713097-1-X.
It is certainly surprising that no obvious reference to Orhay has been found so far in the early historical texts dealing with the region, and that, unlike Harran, its name does not occur in cuneiform itineraries. This may be accidental, or Orhay may be alluded to under a different name which has not been identified. Perhaps it was not fortified, and therefore at this time a place of no great military significance. With the Seleucid period, however, we are on firm historical ground. Seleucus I founded—or rather re-founded—a number of cities in the region. Among them, probably in 303 or 302 BC, was Orhay.
- ^ Patten, N. (2022). The Rose of Balarm: A Tale of 12th-Century Sicily. Strategic Book Publishing. p. 79. ISBN 978-1-68235-601-2. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ McClintock, J.; Strong, J. (1891). Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature. Harper & brothers. p. 57. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ a b Hareir, I.E.; Mbaye, R. (2011). The Spread of Islam Throughout the World. Different aspects of Islamic culture. UNESCO Publishing. p. 642. ISBN 978-92-3-104153-2. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ D, J.M.S.P.; Demy, T.J. (2017). War and Religion [3 volumes]: An Encyclopedia of Faith and Conflict [3 volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 253. ISBN 978-1-61069-517-6. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ Tejirian, E.; Simon, R.S. (2014). Conflict, Conquest, and Conversion: Two Thousand Years of Christian Missions in the Middle East. Columbia University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-231-13865-9. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ Syed, M.H.; Akhtar, S.S.; Usmani, B.D. (2011). Concise History of Islam. Na. Vij Books India Private Limited. p. 160. ISBN 978-93-82573-47-0. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ Thomas, D.; Mallett, A. (2011). Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 3 (1050-1200). The History of Christian-Muslim Relations. Brill. p. 715. ISBN 978-90-04-21616-7. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ Slack, C.K. (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Crusades. Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest. Scarecrow Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-8108-7831-0. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
- ^ https://www.sanliurfa.bel.tr/files/1/bsb_sonra/surkav_yayinlari/27_XVI_%20YY_DA_RUHA%20_URFA_SANCAGI.pdf
- ^ Marozzi, J. (2014). Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood. Penguin Books Limited. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-14-194804-1. Retrieved 2023-09-22.