This article is about various Hindu nationalist mobilisations in the last two centuries. For present day Hindu nationalism, see Hindutva.
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Hindu nationalism has been collectively referred to as the expression of social and political thought, based on the native spiritual and cultural traditions of the Indian subcontinent. "Hindu nationalism" is a simplistic translation of हिन्दू राष्ट्रवाद (Hindū Rāṣṭravād). It is better described as "Hindu polity".[1]
The native thought streams became highly relevant in Indian history when they helped form a distinctive identity in relation to the Indian polity[2] and provided a basis for questioning colonialism.[3][page needed] These also provided inspiration to Indian nationalists during the independence movement based on armed struggle,[4][page needed] coercive politics,[5] and non-violent protests.[6][page needed] They also influenced social reform movements and economic thinking in India.[5][page needed]
Today, Hindutva (meaning "Hinduness") is a dominant form of Hindu nationalist politics in India. As a political ideology, the term Hindutva was articulated by Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1923.[7] The Hindutva movement has been described as a variant of "right-wing extremism"[8] and as "almost fascist in the classical sense", adhering to a concept of homogenised majority and cultural hegemony.[9] Some analysts dispute the "fascist" label, and suggest Hindutva is an extreme form of "conservatism" or "ethnic absolutism".[10] Some have also described Hindutva as a separatist ideology.[11][12] Hindutva is championed by the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), the Hindu Nationalist volunteer organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), Sanatan Sanstha,[7] the Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP), and other organisations in an ecosystem called the Sangh Parivar.[13]
^Jain, Girilal (1994). The Hindu Phenomenon. New Delhi: UBS Publishers' Distributors. ISBN 978-81-86112-32-8.
^Chatterjee Partha (1986)
^Peter van der Veer, Hartmut Lehmann, Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia, Princeton University Press, 1999
^Li Narangoa, R. B. Cribb Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia, 1895–1945, Published by Routledge, 2003
^ abBhatt, Chetan, Hindu Nationalism: Origins, Ideologies and Modern Myths, Berg Publishers (2001), ISBN 978-1-85973-348-6.
^Vidya Dhar Mahajan; Savitri Mahajan (1971). Constitutional history of India, including the nationalist movement (6th ed.). Delhi: S. Chand.
^ ab"Hindutva is not the same as Hinduism said Savarkar". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
^Leidig, Eviane (26 May 2020). "Hindutva as a variant of right-wing extremism". Patterns of Prejudice. 54 (3): 215–237. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2020.1759861. hdl:10852/84144. ISSN 0031-322X. S2CID 221839031.
^Patnaik, Prabhat (1993). "The Fascism of Our Times". Social Scientist. 21 (3/4): 69–77. doi:10.2307/3517631. ISSN 0970-0293. JSTOR 3517631.
^Bhatt, Chetan; Mukta, Parita (1 January 2000). "Hindutva in the West: mapping the antinomies of diaspora nationalism". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 23 (3): 407–441. doi:10.1080/014198700328935. ISSN 0141-9870. S2CID 143287533.
^Anthony Parel (2000). Gandhi, Freedom, and Self-rule. Lexington Books. p. 133. ISBN 978-0-7391-0137-7. The agendas of Hindutva though strong on the issues of self - identity and self - definition, have tended to be separatist.
^Siddharth Varadarajan (2002). Gujarat, the Making of a Tragedy. Penguin Books. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-14-302901-4.
^"Frontline.in". www.frontline.in. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
Hindunationalism has been collectively referred to as the expression of social and political thought, based on the native spiritual and cultural traditions...
[hɪnˈdʊtvə] lit. 'Hindu-ness') is a political ideology encompassing the cultural justification of Hindunationalism and the belief in establishing Hindu hegemony...
(meaning "Hinduness"), a term popularised by Hindu nationalist Vinayak Damodar Savarkar in 1923, is the predominant form of Hindunationalism in India...
organisations such as the Hindu Sabhas (Hindu associations), and ultimately a Hindu-identity driven nationalism in the 1920s. The colonial era Hindu revivalism and...
and reflect an opposition to the sectarian strands of Hindunationalism and Muslim nationalism. Ancient texts mention India under emperor Bharata and...
Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) (transl. World Council of Hindus) is an Indian right-wing Hindu organisation based on Hindunationalism. The VHP was founded...
Damodar Savarkar, who developed the Hindutva ("Hinduness") and became a fierce opponent of the secular nationalism espoused by the Congress party. During the...
"Hindu synthesis". In recent years, there has been a rising movement of Hindunationalism and feeling of Hindutva or Hindu identity among the Hindus of...
and regarding India as a Hindu-country since ancient times. And there are assumptions of political dominance of Hindunationalism in India, also known as...
association with Hindunationalism or Hindutva. Such acts have principally been perpetrated by members, or alleged members, of Hindu nationalist organisations...
religion (though while maintaining secularism in the Constitution). Hindunationalism has grown since the 2014 election of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)...
Marriage Act of 1954. Love jihad in politics has been closely tied to Hindunationalism, particularly the more extremist form hindutva associated with BJP...
Hindunationalism. Savarkar used the term "Hindutva" (Sanskrit -tva, neuter abstract suffix) to describe "Hinduness" or the "quality of being a Hindu"...
religious convictions. Tharoor intended the book to be a repudiation of Hindunationalism, and its rise in Indian society, which relied upon an interpretation...
pp. 176–177, ISBN 978-0-7658-0926-1 Jaffrelot, Christophe (2009), HinduNationalism: A Reader, Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13097-2 Jaffrelot...
Among scholars of nationalism, a number of types of nationalism have been presented. Nationalism may manifest itself as part of official state ideology...
scholars argue that HAF's activism aligns with Hindunationalism and impinges on academic freedom. The Hindu American Foundation (HAF) was founded in September...
"'PHYSIOLOGICAL PATRIOTS'?: The Politics of Physical Culture and HinduNationalism in India". International Review for the Sociology of Sport. 34 (4):...
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state. As a movement, it presupposes the existence and tends...
of Flemish or Hindunationalisms might be "cultural nationalism", while these same movements also include forms of ethnic nationalism and national mysticism...
Wave: Democracy and HinduNationalism in Modern India. Princeton University Press. p. 249. ISBN 1-4008-2305-6. "EXPOSED: The Hindu Rashtra Dal: Inside...
litterateur. A staunch Hindu, Chandranath coined the term Hindutva and has been regarded as a doyen of economic and Indian nationalism in Bengal. Chandranath...
1999, ISBN 0892133252 Hindunationalism Prophets Facing Backward: Postmodern Critiques of Science and the Making of HinduNationalism in India, Meera Nanda...
Emancipation: Women and HinduNationalism", in Bodil Folke Frederiksen; Fiona Wilson (eds.), Ethnicity, Gender and the Subversion of Nationalism, Routledge, p. 93...
"AIMIM eyes minorities and Dalits in Malda". "AIMIM want to confront Hindunationalism with Indian Constitution: Owaisi". Business Standard India. 8 February...