Highly-viscous oil that cannot easily flow to production wells under normal reservoir conditions
Heavy crude oil (or extra heavy crude oil) is highly viscous oil that cannot easily flow from production wells under normal reservoir conditions.[1]
It is referred to as "heavy" because its density or specific gravity is higher than that of light crude oil. Heavy crude oil has been defined as any liquid petroleum with an API gravity less than 20°.[2] Physical properties that differ between heavy crude oils and lighter grades include higher viscosity and specific gravity, as well as higher molecular weight hydrocarbon composition. In 2010, the World Energy Council(WEC) defined extra heavy oil as crude oil having a gravity of less than 10° and a reservoir viscosity of more than 10,000 centipoises.[3] When reservoir viscosity measurements are not available, extra-heavy oil is considered by the WEC to have a lower limit of 4° API.[4] In other words, oil with a density greater than 1000 kg/m3 (or a specific gravity greater than 1) and a reservoir viscosity of more than 10,000 centipoises.[3][5] Heavy oils and asphalt are dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). They have a low solubility and a viscosity greater than, and density higher than, water.[6] Large spills of DNAPL will quickly penetrate the full depth of the aquifer and accumulate at the bottom.[7]
^A. Mai; J. Bryan; N. Goodarzi; A. Kantas (2006). Insights Into Non-Thermal Recovery of Heavy Oil. World Heavy Oil Conference (WHOC). Calgary, Alberta.
^Dusseault, M.B. (12–14 June 2001). Comparing Venezuelan and Canadian Heavy Oil and Tar Sands(PDF). Calgary, Canada: Canadian International Petroleum Conference. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2008.
^ abAttanasi, Emil D.; Meyer, Richard F. (2010). "Natural Bitumen and Extra-Heavy Oil" (PDF). Survey of energy resources (22 ed.). World Energy Council. pp. 123–140. ISBN 978-0-946121-26-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-08-24.
^WEC (2007). Survey of Energy Resources 2007: Natural Bitumen - Definitions. World Energy Council. Archived from the original on 2013-10-31.
^Rodriguez, H.A.; Vaca, P.; Gonzalez, O.; de Mirabal, M.C. (1997). "Integrated Study of a Heavy Oil Reservoir in the Orinoco Belt: A Field Case Simulation". SPE Reservoir Simulation Symposium. doi:10.2118/38015-MS. INIST6242344.
^Manuel Ramâon Llamas; Emilio Custodio, eds. (2003). Intensive Use of Groundwater: Challenges and Opportunities. CRC Press. p. 478.page 118
^Jaroslav Vrba; Brian Adams, eds. (2008). Groundwater Early Warning Monitoring Strategy A Methodological Guide (PDF) (Report).
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