In survival analysis, the hazard ratio (HR) is the ratio of the hazard rates corresponding to the conditions characterised by two distinct levels of a treatment variable of interest. For example, in a clinical study of a drug, the treated population may die at twice the rate per unit time[clarify] of the control population. The hazard ratio would be 2, indicating a higher hazard of death from the treatment.
For example, a scientific paper might use an HR to state something such as: "Adequate COVID-19 vaccination status was associated with significantly decreased risk for the composite of severe COVID-19 or mortality with a[n] HR of 0.20 (95% CI, 0.17–0.22)."[1] In essence, the hazard for the composite outcome was 80% lower among the vaccinated relative to those who were unvaccinated in the same study. So, for a hazardous outcome (e.g., severe disease or death), an HR below 1 indicates that the treatment (e.g., vaccination) is protective against the outcome of interest. In other cases, an HR greater than 1 indicates the treatment is favorable. For example, if the outcome is actually favorable (e.g., accepting a job offer to end a spell of unemployment), an HR greater than 1 indicates that seeking a job is favorable to not seeking one (if "treatment" is defined as seeking a job).[2]
Hazard ratios differ from relative risks (RRs) and odds ratios (ORs) in that RRs and ORs are cumulative over an entire study, using a defined endpoint, while HRs represent instantaneous risk over the study time period, or some subset thereof. Hazard ratios suffer somewhat less from selection bias with respect to the endpoints chosen and can indicate risks that happen before the endpoint.
^Najjar-Debbiny, R.; Gronich, N.; Weber, G.; Khoury, J.; Amar, M.; Stein, N.; Goldstein, L. H.; Saliba, W. (2 June 2022). "Effectiveness of Paxlovid in Reducing Severe COVID-19 and Mortality in High Risk Patients". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 76 (3): e342–e349. doi:10.1093/cid/ciac443. PMC 9214014. PMID 35653428.
^Flinn, C.; Heckman, J. (1982). "New Methods for Analyzing Labor Force Structural Dynamics" (PDF). Journal of Econometrics. 18 (1): 115–168. doi:10.1016/0304-4076(82)90097-5. S2CID 16100294 – via Elsevier Science Direct.
In survival analysis, the hazardratio (HR) is the ratio of the hazard rates corresponding to the conditions characterised by two distinct levels of a...
\lambda _{0}(t)} , was cancelled out. Thus the ratio of hazards of two subjects is a constant, i.e. the hazards are proportional. Often there is an intercept...
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increases the incidence of breast cancer by 11 cases per 1000 women." Hazardratio, such as "an increase in both total and invasive breast cancers in women...
{\displaystyle Z_{1}} earlier). Again, assume the hazard functions in the two groups are proportional with hazardratio λ {\displaystyle \lambda } and d 1 {\displaystyle...
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elderly population is compared with young adults, the excess hazardratio (a hazardratio that is corrected for differences in mortality across age groups)...
significant improvement in overall survival versus platinum–etoposide (hazardratio [HR] 0·82 [95% CI 0·68–1·00]; p=0·045); median overall survival was 10·4...
major isoforms of the PR, the PR-A and PR-B, with a similar selectivity ratio between the two receptors as that of progesterone and with lower efficacy...
highest quintile of western dietary pattern score had a multivariate hazardratio (HR) of 1.55 (95% CI, 1.20–1.99) for diverticulitis compared to men in...
mathematical theory generator Half Rate (HR or GSM-HR), a speech coding system Hazardratio Hertzsprung–Russell diagram (H-R, HRD), in astronomy and astrophysics...
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5 months in the sorafenib group and 2.8 months in the placebo group (hazardratio for disease progression in the sorafenib group, 0.44; 95% confidence...
the risk of developing learning disabilities in young children, with a hazardratio of 2.12 (95% confidence interval, 1.26–3.54). The immediate time after...
Other studies have shown all-cause mortality is increased by 1.22 (hazardratio) when heart rate exceeds 90 beats per minute. ECG of 46,129 individuals...
function). The concept is named after John P. Mills. The Mills ratio is related to the hazard rate h(x) which is defined as h ( x ) := lim δ → 0 1 δ Pr [...
9 mmHg, 95% CI –3.6 to –0.2) and resulted in fewer cardiovascular events (hazardratio (HR) 0.60, 95% CI 0.38–0.96), but had no effect on total mortality. Potassium...
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(Pembro) use for treatment of Lung cancer in the first line with or without chemotherapy (Chemo). Median overall survival in months (M). HazardRatio (HR)....
A hazard quotient is the ratio of the potential exposure to a substance and the level at which no adverse effects are expected. If the Hazard Quotient...
prospective cohort studies, from Stringhini et al., Lancet 2017). Risk factor HazardRatio Live-Years Lost between Ages 40 and 85 Years Prevalence Percentage of...
Number needed to treat, Number needed to harm, Risk ratio, Relative risk reduction, Odds ratio, Hazardratio Population impact Attributable fraction among the...
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