Formation of the folds of the brain's cerebral cortex
Gyrification in the human brain
Gyrification is the process of forming the characteristic folds of the cerebral cortex.[1]
The peak of such a fold is called a gyrus (pl. gyri), and its trough is called a sulcus (pl. sulci). The neurons of the cerebral cortex reside in a thin layer of gray matter, only 2–4 mm thick, at the surface of the brain.[2] Much of the interior volume is occupied by white matter, which consists of long axonal projections to and from the cortical neurons residing near the surface. Gyrification allows a larger cortical surface area and hence greater cognitive functionality to fit inside a smaller cranium.
In most mammals, gyrification begins during fetal development. Primates, cetaceans, and ungulates have extensive cortical gyri, with a few species exceptions, while rodents generally have none. Gyrification in some animals, for example the ferret, continues well into postnatal life.[3]
^Rakic, P (October 2009). "Evolution of the neocortex: a perspective from developmental biology". Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 10 (10): 724–35. doi:10.1038/nrn2719. PMC 2913577. PMID 19763105.
^Kandel, Eric R.; Schwartz, James H.; Jessell, Thomas M.; Siegelbaum, Steven A.; Hudspeth, A.J., eds. (2012) [1981]. Principles of Neural Science (5th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-139011-8.
^Smart, IH; McSherry, GM (June 1986). "Gyrus formation in the cerebral cortex in the ferret. I. Description of the external changes". Journal of Anatomy. 146: 141–52. PMC 1166530. PMID 3693054.
Gyrification is the process of forming the characteristic folds of the cerebral cortex. The peak of such a fold is called a gyrus (pl. gyri), and its trough...
exist in the confines of a smaller cranium. The human brain undergoes gyrification during fetal and neonatal development. In embryonic development, all...
assistance and to perform other functions once thought too advanced. Gyrification CEP85L - gene associated with posterior predominant lissencephaly in...
development and continue to mature after birth through the process of gyrification. In the human brain, the majority of the cerebral cortex is not visible...
entirely clear, and there are several competing hypotheses that explain gyrification, such as axonal tension, cortical buckling or differences in cellular...
directed parasagittally (contrary to the transverse gyrification). Since the parasagittal gyrification is observed in non-primate species, the limbic lobe...
connections between brain cells. Long-term meditators have larger amounts of gyrification ("folding" of the cortex, which may allow the brain to process information...
known as radial glial cells, and FGF2 has been used to induce artificial gyrification of the mouse brain. Another FGF family member, FGF8, regulates the size...
hemispheres. The complex convolutions of the cerebral surface (see gyrus, gyrification) are also found only in higher mammals. Although some large mammals (such...
of Sulci in 258 BC Sulcalization, a term in phonetics and phonology Gyrification This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sulcus...
not well-understood, but gyrification has been linked to intelligence and neurological disorders, and a number of gyrification theories have been proposed...
cortex and its ability to form surface convolutions known as gyri (see gyrification). Radial glial cells show high levels of calcium transient activity,...
evolution of the cerebral cortex and different degrees of brain folding (gyrification), which increases the surface area (and volume) of the cortex, are positively...
encephalization quotient, grey matter density and white matter connectivity, gyrification, cortical thickness, or the amount of cerebrospinal fluid. These variables...
Schizophrenia. Possibly preventing them from developing schizophrenia. Increased gyrification in gyri by the cerebellum may lead to dysconnectivity in the brain, and...
mechanism regulating cortical surface area growth and, potentially, gyrification. In this way, Notch signaling controls NPC self-renewal as well as cell...
lateralization, loss of laterality for language comprehension, a reduction in gyrification, brain torsion etc. Dyslexia As studied earlier, language is usually...
Tallinen, Tuoma; Chung, Jun Young; Biggins, John S.; Mahadevan, L. (2014). "Gyrification from constrained cortical expansion". Proceedings of the National Academy...
intraparietal sulcus. In the area overlapping the primary visual cortex gyrification in the left hemisphere, Neanderthal admixture is positively correlated...
hypothesis Neural stem cell Stem cell Neurogenesis Cellular differentiation Gyrification notes, Dr. K. Brodmann; translated with editorial; Garey, an introduction...
children showed a significant association between autistic traits and gyrification patterns (winding patterns) of the brain on structural magnetic resonance...
Mahdi (2018). "Improvement of spatial learning and memory, cortical gyrification patterns and brain oxidative stress markers in diabetic rats treated...
of schizophrenic patients. It had been shown previously that abnormal gyrification, asymmetry, complexity, and variability occur in patients with schizophrenia...
the visual cortex, temporal lobe, and parietal cortex, and increased gyrification (folds of the brain). There have been many questions as to why these...
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