Extinct North Germanic language spoken by Norse settlers in Greenland
Greenlandic Norse
Region
Greenland; Western Settlement and Eastern Settlement
Ethnicity
Greenlandic Norse people
Extinct
by the late 15th century or the early 16th century
Language family
Indo-European
Germanic
Northwest Germanic[1]
North Germanic
West Scandinavian
Insular Scandinavian
Greenlandic Norse
Early forms
Old Norse
Old West Norse
Writing system
Younger Futhark
Language codes
ISO 639-3
None (mis)
Glottolog
None
IETF
non-GL
Part of a series on the
Norse colonization of North America
Leiv Eirikson discovering America, 1893 painting by Christian Krohg
Places
Vinland
Markland
Helluland
L'Anse aux Meadows
Eastern Settlement
Western Settlement
Middle Settlement
Gunnbjörn's skerries
Great Ireland
Tanfield Valley
Straumfjörð
Alleged artifacts
Maine penny
Skálholt Map
Kensington Runestone
Vinland Map
Explorers
Erik the Red
Leif Erikson
Thorvald Eiriksson
Freydís Eiríksdóttir
Gunnbjörn Ulfsson
Snæbjörn galti
Bjarni Herjólfsson
Thorfinn Karlsefni
Helgi and Finnbogi
Literature
Saga of Erik the Red
Saga of the Greenlanders
Flateyjarbók
Hauksbók
Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum
Book of Icelanders
Skræling
Greenlandic Norse
Researchers
Galvano Fiamma
Adam of Bremen
Carl Christian Rafn
Helge Ingstad
Anne Stine Ingstad
Birgitta Wallace
Patricia Sutherland
Robert McGhee
Gwyn Jones
William W. Fitzhugh
v
t
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Greenlandic Norse is an extinct North Germanic language that was spoken in the Norse settlements of Greenland until their demise in the late 15th century. The language is primarily attested by runic inscriptions found in Greenland. The limited inscriptional evidence shows some innovations, including the use of initial t for þ, but also the conservation of certain features that changed in other Norse languages. Some runic features are regarded as characteristically Greenlandic, and when they are sporadically found outside of Greenland, they may suggest travelling Greenlanders.
Non-runic evidence on the Greenlandic language is scarce and uncertain. A document issued in Greenland in 1409 is preserved in an Icelandic copy and may be a witness to some Greenlandic linguistic traits. The poem Atlamál is credited as Greenlandic in the Codex Regius, but the preserved text reflects Icelandic scribal conventions, and it is not certain that the poem was composed in Greenland. Finally, Greenlandic Norse is believed to have been in language contact with Greenlandic and to have left loanwords in it.
^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (24 May 2022). "Older Runic". Glottolog. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. Archived from the original on 13 November 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2022.
GreenlandicNorse is an extinct North Germanic language that was spoken in the Norse settlements of Greenland until their demise in the late 15th century...
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