Graphene is a 2D nanosheet with atomic thin thickness in terms of 0.34 nm. Due to the ultrathin thickness, graphene showed many properties that are quite different from their bulk graphite counterparts. The most prominent advantages are known to be their high electron mobility and high mechanical strengths.
[1][2][3] Thus, it exhibits potential for applications in optics and electronics especially for the development of wearable devices as flexible substrates. More importantly, the optical absorption rate of graphene is 2.3% in the visible and near-infrared region. This broadband absorption characteristic also attracted great attention of the research community to exploit the graphene-based photodetectors/modulators.[4][5][6]
Plasmons are collective electron oscillations usually excited at metal surfaces by a light source. Doped graphene layers have also shown the similar surface plasmon effects to that of metallic thin films.[7][8] Through the engineering of metallic substrates or nanoparticles (e.g., gold, silver and copper) with graphene, the plasmonic properties of the hybrid structures could be tuned for improving the optoelectronic device performances.[9][10] It is worth noting that the electrons at the metallic structure could transfer to the graphene conduction band. This is attributed to the zero bandgap property of graphene nanosheet.
Graphene plasmons can also be decoupled from their environment and give rise to genuine Dirac plasmon at low-energy range where the wavelengths exceed the damping length. These graphene plasma resonances have been observed in the GHz–THz electronic domain.[11]
Graphene plasmonics is an emergent research field, that is attracting plenty of interest and has already resulted in a textbook.[12]
^Low, T.; Avouris, P. (2014). "Graphene plasmonics for terahertz to mid-infrared applications". ACS Nano. 8 (2): 1086–101. arXiv:1403.2799. doi:10.1021/nn406627u. PMID 24484181. S2CID 8151572.
^Grigorenko, A. N.; Polini, M.; Novoselov, K. S. (2012). "Graphene plasmonics". Nature Photonics. 6 (11): 749. arXiv:1301.4241. Bibcode:2012NaPho...6..749G. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2012.262. S2CID 119285513.
^Ju, L.; Geng, B.; Horng, J.; Girit, C.; Martin, M.; Hao, Z.; Bechtel, H. A.; Liang, X.; Zettl, A.; Shen, Y. R.; Wang, F. (2011). "Graphene plasmonics for tunable terahertz metamaterials". Nature Nanotechnology. 6 (10): 630–4. Bibcode:2011NatNa...6..630J. doi:10.1038/nnano.2011.146. PMID 21892164.
^Constant, T. J.; Hornett, S. M.; Chang, D. E.; Hendry, E. (2016). "All-optical generation of surface plasmons in graphene". Nature Physics. 12 (2): 124. arXiv:1505.00127. Bibcode:2016NatPh..12..124C. doi:10.1038/nphys3545. S2CID 117936342.
^Awad, Ehab (21 June 2022). "Graphene Metamaterial Embedded within Bundt Optenna for Ultra-Broadband Infrared Enhanced Absorption". Nanomaterials. 12 (13). MDPI: 2131. doi:10.3390/nano12132131. PMC 9268047. PMID 35807966.
^Koppens, F. H.; Chang, D. E.; García De Abajo, F. J. (2011). "Graphene plasmonics: A platform for strong light-matter interactions". Nano Letters. 11 (8): 3370–7. arXiv:1104.2068. Bibcode:2011NanoL..11.3370K. doi:10.1021/nl201771h. PMID 21766812. S2CID 19009630.
^Fang, Z.; Liu, Z.; Wang, Y.; Ajayan, P. M.; Nordlander, P.; Halas, N. J. (2012). "Graphene-antenna sandwich photodetector". Nano Letters. 12 (7): 3808–13. Bibcode:2012NanoL..12.3808F. doi:10.1021/nl301774e. PMID 22703522.
^Huidobro, P. A.; Kraft, M.; Maier, S. A.; Pendry, J. B. (2016). "Graphene as a Tunable Anisotropic or Isotropic Plasmonic Metasurface". ACS Nano. 10 (5): 5499–506. doi:10.1021/acsnano.6b01944. hdl:10044/1/31105. PMID 27092391. S2CID 25531842.
^Graef, H.; Mele, D.; Rosticher, M.; Banszerus, L.; Stampfer, C.; Taniguchi, T.; Watanabe, K.; Bocquillon, E.; Fève, G. (2018). "Ultra-long wavelength Dirac plasmons in graphene capacitors". Journal of Physics: Materials. 1 (1): 01LT02. arXiv:1806.08615. doi:10.1088/2515-7639/aadd8c. ISSN 2515-7639. S2CID 96422025.
^Gonçalves, P. A. D.; Peres, N. M. R. (2016). An Introduction to Graphene Plasmonics. arXiv:1609.04450. doi:10.1142/9948. ISBN 978-981-4749-97-8. S2CID 118564287.
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