Gesto por la Paz information

Gesto por la Paz (Spanish: A Gesture for Peace) was a peace movement that was active in the Spanish Basque Country between 1985 and 2013.^[1] Gesto had its roots in an intitiave sponsored by the Catholic Church.^[2] It staged tens of thousands of protests over the course of its existence and had as many as 175 local chapters by the 1990s.^[2] Biscay was its stronghold.^[3] It included supporters from most of the Basque political parties, aside from Herri Batasuna and People's Party of the Basque Country.^[4]

ETA was its main target, but it also protested against the use of extrajudicial violence and torture by the Spanish state.^[2] It also campaigned against the Spanish government's policy of dispersing ETA prisoners to prisons throughout the country, arguing that they should be housed closer to the Basque Country.^[5]

Gesto organized annual peace marches each January and 15-minute silent protests (Gestos) after incidents of political violence.^[6] These 15-minute protests were the most visible face of the organization.^[7] It also held weekly protests during periods when ETA had kidnapped someone.^[2] The first of these silent protests was held in Bilbao on November 26, 1985, after the killings of two Navy officers, Rafael Melchor García and José Manuel Ibarzabal.^[2] It was attended by around 200 people.^[2]

A series of high-profile ETA kidnappings in the mid-1990s greatly increased Gesto's public profile.^[2] During that period Gesto was met by aggressive counter-protests from the Basque National Liberation Movement, sometimes pitting neighbors or family members against each other.^[8]^[4] Gesto also introduced the use of blue ribbons as an anti-violence symbol, which was adopted by many politicians.^[7]^[4] Gesto was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for Concord in 1993.^[9]

Gesto disbanded in 2013, two years after ETA announced a permanent ceasefire.^[1]

^ ^a ^b Ormazabal, Mikel and Juan Mari Gastaca. As silently as it made its debut in times of trouble, pacifist platform dissolves. El Pais. June 3, 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Argomaniz 4
^ Beck, Jan Mansvelt. Territory and Terror: Conflicting Nationalisms in the Basque Country. Routledge, 2004. Page 215.
^ ^a ^b ^c Mees, Ludger. Nationalism, Violence and Democracy: The Basque Clash of Identities. Springer. 2003. Pages 96-96
^ Argomaniz 6 n21
^ Argomaniz 4-5
^ ^a ^b Vazquez, Roland. Politics, Culture, and Sociability in the Basque Nationalist Party. University of Nevada Press. 2010
^ Argomaniz 5-6
^ 1993 PRINCE OF ASTURIAS AWARD FOR CONCORD. Fundacion Princesa de Asturias.

[ormazabal-1] Ormazabal, Mikel and Juan Mari Gastaca. As silently as it made its debut in times of trouble, pacifist platform dissolves. El Pais. June 3, 2013.

[argomaniz4-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Argomaniz 4

[3] Beck, Jan Mansvelt. Territory and Terror: Conflicting Nationalisms in the Basque Country. Routledge, 2004. Page 215.

[mees-4] Mees, Ludger. Nationalism, Violence and Democracy: The Basque Clash of Identities. Springer. 2003. Pages 96-96

[5] Argomaniz 6 n21

[6] Argomaniz 4-5

[vazquez-7] Vazquez, Roland. Politics, Culture, and Sociability in the Basque Nationalist Party. University of Nevada Press. 2010

[8] Argomaniz 5-6

[9] 1993 PRINCE OF ASTURIAS AWARD FOR CONCORD. Fundacion Princesa de Asturias.

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