Investigation of the geology in a region for creating a geological map
Not to be confused with Land surveying.
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A geological survey is the systematic investigation of the geology beneath a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map or model. Geological surveying employs techniques from the traditional walk-over survey, studying outcrops and landforms, to intrusive methods, such as hand augering and machine-driven boreholes, to the use of geophysical techniques and remote sensing methods, such as aerial photography and satellite imagery. Such surveys may be undertaken by state, province, or national geological survey organizations to maintain the geological inventory and advance the knowledge of geosciences for the benefit of the nation.
A geological survey map typically superimposes the surveyed extent and boundaries of geological units on a topographic map, together with information at points (such as measurements of orientation of bedding planes) and lines (such as the intersection of faults with the land surface). The maps and reports created by geological survey organisations generally aim for geographic continuity and completeness in establishing the spatial patterns of near-surface rock units. The map may include cross sections to illustrate the three-dimensional interpretation. Subsurface geological and geophysical maps, providing limited coverage of deeper geology (known, for example, from drilling for oil or gas), are maintained internally by major oil companies and regulators. Some geological survey organisations have collaborated with them to include subsurface geology in their systematic surveys, for example, the Geological Atlas of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin. Subsurface maps typically depict the three-dimensional form of geological surfaces by means of contours and cross sections. Computer-based models are increasingly used to provide more comprehensive information storage and greater flexibility of presentation.
In the United States, the 50 state surveys are coordinated by the Association of American State Geologists.
Some examples of national geological surveys are:
British Geological Survey (BGS)
Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM)
Central Geological Survey (Taiwan)
China Geological Survey
Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources (BGR, Germany)
Geological and Mining Institute of Spain
Geological Survey of Austria
Geological Survey of Canada
Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland
Geological Survey of Finland
Geological Survey of India
Geological Survey of Ireland
Geological Survey of Norway
Geological Survey of Pakistan
Geological Survey of Slovenia
Geological Survey of Sweden
Geoscience Australia
Saudi Geological Survey
Swisstopo (Switzerland)
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
Individual states or provinces may also have a geological survey. Examples include:
Alberta Geological Survey (Canada)
California Geological Survey (USA)
Delaware Geological Survey (USA)
Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador (Canada)
A geologicalsurvey is the systematic investigation of the geology beneath a given piece of ground for the purpose of creating a geological map or model...
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The GeologicalSurvey of Canada (GSC; French: Commission géologique du Canada, CGC) is a Canadian federal government agency responsible for performing...
The GeologicalSurvey of Finland (Finnish: Geologian tutkimuskeskus abbreviated GTK, Swedish: Geologiska forskningscentralen) is the geologicalsurvey of...
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Soil survey, the mapping of the properties and varieties of soil in a given area British GeologicalSurvey, a body which carries out geologicalsurveys and...
The Zimbabwe GeologicalSurvey, founded in 1910, is Zimbabwe's premier geological research organization. The survey is overseen by the Zimbabwe's Ministry...
Photographs of the Second Powell Expedition (1871–1872)". Geology of National Parks. U.S. GeologicalSurvey. February 13, 2012. Archived from the original on...
The Kentucky GeologicalSurvey (KGS) is a department of the University of Kentucky that provides information on the geology of Kentucky, but has variously...
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in 1952 when the Albanian GeologicalSurvey was formed. AGS is organized into the following departments: Department of Geology Department of Mineral Resources...
400 m3/s) to get this amount. "United States GeologicalSurvey Topographic Maps". TopoQuest. U.S. GeologicalSurvey. Archived from the original on May 10, 2012...
Colorado State GeologicalSurvey publishes first geological map and report. 1916 – The name is changed to the Colorado GeologicalSurvey. 1925 – The Colorado...
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States GeologicalSurvey, United States Department of the Interior "Cashman Crags", Geographic Names Information System, United States GeologicalSurvey, United...
The Hayden GeologicalSurvey of 1871 explored the region of northwestern Wyoming that later became Yellowstone National Park in 1872. It was led by geologist...
The Utah GeologicalSurvey is based in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. It also has an office in Cedar City, Utah. It is a division of the Utah Department...
232, 250. "Organizing the U.S. GeologicalSurvey". The United States GeologicalSurvey: 1879–1989. U.S. GeologicalSurvey, U.S. Department of the Interior...
gov. U.S. GeologicalSurvey. Retrieved January 8, 2022. "M 7.8 – 27 km SSE of Muisne, Ecuador". earthquake.usgs.gov. U.S. GeologicalSurvey. Retrieved...
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