Map of the Roman Empire under Hadrian (ruled 117 – 138 AD), showing the location of the Garamantes kingdom, in the desert regions south of the Roman province of Africa proconsularis (Tunisia, Libya).
The Garamantes (Ancient Greek: Γαράμαντες, romanized: Garámantes; Latin: Garamantes) were ancient peoples, who may have descended from Berber tribes, Toubou tribes, and Saharan pastoralists[1][2][3] that settled in the Fezzan region by at least 1000 BC[4] and established a civilization that flourished until its end in the late 7th century AD.[5] The Garamantes first emerged as a major regional power in the mid-2nd century AD and established a kingdom that spanned roughly 180,000 km2 (70,000 sq mi) in the Fezzan region of southern Libya. Their growth and expansion was based on a complex and extensive qanat irrigation system (Berber: foggaras), which supported a strong agricultural economy and a large population. They subsequently developed the first urban society in a major desert that was not centered on a river system; their largest town, Garama, had a population of around four thousand, with an additional six thousand living in surrounding suburban areas.[1] At its pinnacle, the Garamantian kingdom established and maintained a "standard of living far superior to that of any other ancient Saharan society"[1] and was composed of "brilliant farmers, resourceful engineers, and enterprising merchants who produced a remarkable civilization."[1]
^ abcdCite error: The named reference Keys was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Mattingly, D.J., ed. (2003). The Archaeology of Fazzan, Volume 1: Synthesis. Department of Antiquities, Tripoli. The Society for Libyan Studies. ISBN 9781900971027.
^Kirwan, L.P. (1 November 1934). "Christianity and the Ḳura'án". The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Vol. 20. Sage Publications, Ltd. pp. 201–203. doi:10.2307/3854742. ISSN 0307-5133. JSTOR 3854742. S2CID 192397071.
^Liverani, Mario (2003-10-01). Arid Lands in Roman Times. Papers from the International Conference (Rome, July 9th-10th 2001). All’Insegna del Giglio. ISBN 978-88-7814-266-4.
^McDougall, E. Ann (25 February 2019). "Saharan Peoples and Societies". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.285. ISBN 978-0-19-027773-4. S2CID 159184437.
The Garamantes (Ancient Greek: Γαράμαντες, romanized: Garámantes; Latin: Garamantes) were ancient peoples, who may have descended from Berber tribes,...
the Garamantes, arose around 500 BCE in the heart of the Sahara, in a valley that is now called the Wadi al-Ajal in Fezzan, Libya. The Garamantes built...
archaeological site in Libya. It was the capital of the Garamantian Kingdom. The Garamantes were a Saharan Berber people living in the Fezzan in the northeastern...
wagons. In the 5th century BCE, Herodotus reported use of chariots by Garamantes in the Saharan region of North Africa. In the 1st century CE, Strabo reported...
peoples such as the Mauri, Masaesyli, Massyli, Musulamii, Gaetuli, and Garamantes gave rise to Berber kingdoms, such as Numidia and Mauretania. Other kingdoms...
referred to the Troglodytae in his Histories as being a people hunted by the Garamantes in Libya. He said that the Troglodytae were the swiftest runners of all...
Arabia Petraea. In 202, he campaigned in Africa and Mauretania against the Garamantes, capturing their capital Garama and expanding the Limes Tripolitanus along...
region of Tunisia and Southern Tripolitania. They were bordered by the Garamantes people to the east and were under the coastal Libyes people. The coastal...
and the Garamantes at this time – no doubt as a result of Flaccus's success – made his way from Leptis Magna through the land of the Garamantes to the...
the Late Bronze Age. The earliest known name of such a tribe was the Garamantes, based in Germa. The Phoenicians were the first to establish trading posts...
southeast Libya. They were believed to be a Numidian people, along with the Garamantes. They had established their tribe with their important leaders as rulers...
They have been identified by some writers as probable descendants of the Garamantes. At an uncertain date, perhaps around 1500, they established their domination...
Africa and still occurs today in southern Tunisia. Herodote wrote that the Garamantes, a North African people, used to live in caves. The Ancient Greek called...
Sidon; the five Philistine city-states; the Berber city-states of the Garamantes).[citation needed] The then Hellenic division between the barbarians (term...
Kingdom of Kongo, Empire of Mali, Kingdom of Zimbabwe, Songhai Empire, the Garamantes the Empire of Ghana, bonk state, Harla Kingdom, Kingdom of Benin, Ife...
researchers have tied the ethnogenesis of the Tuareg with the fall of the Garamantes who inhabited the Fezzan (Libya) from the 1st millennium BC to the 5th...
the Greeks, in Cyrenaica. Fezzan was home to a Beber people known as Garamantes Archaeological evidence indicates that the coastal plain was inhabited...
v t e Berbers Ancient Bavares Banioubae Gaetuli Garamantes Koidamousii/Ucutumani Leuathae Libu Libya Macae Machlyes Marmaridae Mauri Bakouatae Makanitae...
From the 5th century BCE to the 5th century CE, Fezzan was home to the Garamantes, who operated the Trans-Saharan trade routes successively between Carthage...
by the Garamantes, but this is speculative, as Jean Chapelle argues. Furthermore, scholars such as Laurence P. Kirwan stress that the Garamantes and the...
Guardian. 5 November 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2020. Mattingly, David. "The Garamantes and the Origins of Saharan Trade". Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond...
ISSN 0021-8537. JSTOR 179702. S2CID 163134704. Law, R. C. C. (1967). "The Garamantes and Trans-Saharan Enterprise in Classical Times". Journal of African History...
v t e Berbers Ancient Bavares Banioubae Gaetuli Garamantes Koidamousii/Ucutumani Leuathae Libu Libya Macae Machlyes Marmaridae Mauri Bakouatae Makanitae...
civilizations by the Spanish Empire Seven Spanish Cities by the Mapuche Garamantes by the Umayyad Caliphate Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the Kingdom...
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