Galanin information

Galanin
Identifiers
CAS Number	88813-36-9 ;
ChemSpider	none;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL501079 ;
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C146H213N43O40
Molar mass	3210.571 g·mol−1
	(what is this?) (verify)

GAL
Identifiers
Aliases	GAL, GAL-GMAP, GALN, GLNN, GMAP, ETL8, galanin and GMAP prepropeptide
External IDs	OMIM: 137035; MGI: 95637; HomoloGene: 7724; GeneCards: GAL; OMA:GAL - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 11 (human)
End	68,691,175 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 19 (mouse)
End	3,464,544 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	anterior pituitary; ; vulva; ; hypothalamus; ; appendix; ; gastric mucosa; ; transverse colon; ; skin of abdomen; ; rectum; ; nipple; ; islet of Langerhans;
	Top expressed in
	dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus; ; arcuate nucleus; ; lateral hypothalamus; ; trigeminal ganglion; ; pyloric antrum; ; supraoptic nucleus; ; calvaria; ; adrenal gland; ; atrioventricular canal; ; ileum;
	More reference expression data
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	hormone activity; galanin receptor activity; type 1 galanin receptor binding; type 2 galanin receptor binding; type 3 galanin receptor binding; neuropeptide hormone activity; protein binding;
Cellular component	extracellular region; cytoplasm; Golgi apparatus; neuronal cell body; secretory granule; extracellular space;
Biological process	negative regulation of cell population proliferation; positive regulation of timing of catagen; feeding behavior; positive regulation of cortisol secretion; positive regulation of large conductance calcium-activated potassium channel activity; regulation of glucocorticoid metabolic process; response to immobilization stress; insulin secretion; protein kinase A signaling; cAMP-mediated signaling; positive regulation of apoptotic process; nervous system development; negative regulation of root hair elongation; response to estrogen; response to insulin; positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II; inflammatory response; negative regulation of lymphocyte proliferation; neuropeptide signaling pathway; regulation of signaling receptor activity; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	51083
	14419
	ENSG00000069482
	ENSMUSG00000024907
	P22466
	P47212
	NM_015973
	NM_010253; NM_001329667
	NP_057057
	NP_001316596; NP_034383
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

Galanin is a neuropeptide encoded by the GAL gene,^[5] that is widely expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and gut of humans as well as other mammals. Galanin signaling occurs through three G protein-coupled receptors.^[6]

Much of galanin's functional role is still undiscovered. Galanin is closely involved in the modulation and inhibition of action potentials in neurons. Galanin has been implicated in many biologically diverse functions, including: nociception, waking and sleep regulation, cognition, feeding, regulation of mood, regulation of blood pressure, it also has roles in development as well as acting as a trophic factor.^[7] Galanin neurons in the medial preoptic area of the hypothalamus may govern parental behaviour.^[8] Galanin is linked to a number of diseases including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy as well as depression, eating disorders, cancer, and addiction.^[9]^[10] Galanin appears to have neuroprotective activity as its biosynthesis is increased 2-10 fold upon axotomy in the peripheral nervous system as well as when seizure activity occurs in the brain. It may also promote neurogenesis.^[6]

Galanin is predominantly an inhibitory, hyperpolarizing neuropeptide^[11] and as such inhibits neurotransmitter release. Galanin is often co-localized with classical neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, and also with other neuromodulators such as neuropeptide Y, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal peptide.^[12]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000069482 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024907 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Cite error: The named reference pmid7508413 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference receptors was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference pmid18500643 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference pmid24828191 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference pmid16052044 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference pmid15944034 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference neuroscience was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference acnp was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000069482 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024907 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid7508413-5] Cite error: The named reference pmid7508413 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[receptors-6] Cite error: The named reference receptors was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[pmid18500643-7] Cite error: The named reference pmid18500643 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[pmid24828191-8] Cite error: The named reference pmid24828191 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[pmid16052044-9] Cite error: The named reference pmid16052044 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[pmid15944034-10] Cite error: The named reference pmid15944034 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[neuroscience-11] Cite error: The named reference neuroscience was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[acnp-12] Cite error: The named reference acnp was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Galanin information

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Identifiers
CAS Number	88813-36-9^N
ChemSpider	none
ChEMBL	ChEMBL501079^Y
Chemical and physical data
Formula	C₁₄₆H₂₁₃N₄₃O₄₀
Molar mass	3210.571 g·mol⁻¹
^NY (what is this?) (verify)