General chemical structure of a monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG), a prevalent type of galactolipid. R1 and R2 are fatty chains.
Galactolipids are a type of glycolipid whose sugar group is galactose. They differ from glycosphingolipids in that they do not have nitrogen in their composition.[1]
They are the main part of plant membrane lipids where they substitute phospholipids to conserve phosphate for other essential processes. These chloroplast membranes contain a high quantity of monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) and digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG).
They probably also assume a direct role in photosynthesis, as they have been found in the X-ray structures of photosynthetic complexes.[2]
Galactolipids are more bioavailable than free fatty acids, and have been shown to exhibit COX mediated anti-inflammatory activity.[3] Bio-guided fractionation of spinach leaves (Spinacia oleracea) revealed alpha-linolenic acid galactolipids (18:3, n-3) were responsible for inhibitory effects on tumor promoter-induced Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) activation.[4] Recently, it has been demonstrated that this same galactolipid, 1,2-di-O-α-linolenoyl-3-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-sn-glycerol,[5] may be important for the anti-inflammatory activity of Dog Rose (Rosa canina), a medicinal plant with documented effect on inflammatory diseases such as arthritis.
The galactosphingolipid galactocerebroside (GalC) and its sulfated derivative sulfatide is also in abundance present (together with a small group of proteins) in myelin, the membrane around the axons in the nervous system of vertebrates.[6]
It is galactolipids, rather than phlorotannins, that act as herbivore deterrents in Fucus vesiculosus against the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata.[7]
^"Galactolipids". Genetics Home Reference. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 21 December 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
^Dörmann, Peter; Christoph Benning (1 March 2002). "Galactolipids rule in seed plants". Trends in Plant Science. 7 (3): 112–118. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02216-6. PMID 11906834.
^Christensen, L. Galactolipids as Potential Health Promoting Compounds in Vegetable Foods Recent Patents on Food, Nutrition & Agriculture, 2009; 1, 50-58.
^Wang R, Furomoto T, Motoyama K, Okazaki K, Kondo A, Fukui H. Possible anti-tumor promoters in Spinacia oleracea (spinach) and comparison of their contents among cultivars. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66(2): 248-254.
^Block G, Patterson B, Subar A. Fruit, vegetables, and cancer prevention: A review of the epidemiological evidence. Nutr Cancer 1992; 18(1): 1-29.
^Coet, Timothy; Kunihiko Suzukia; Brian Popkoa; Kunihiko Suzukib; Brian Popkoc; Kunihiko Suzukid; Brian Popko (1 March 1998). "New perspectives on the function of myelin galactolipids". Trends in Neurosciences. 21 (3): 126–130. doi:10.1016/S0166-2236(97)01178-8. PMID 9530920.
^Galactolipids rather than phlorotannins as herbivore deterrents in the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus. Michael S. Deal, Mark E. Hay, Dean Wilson and William Fenical, Oecologia, June 2003, Volume 136, Issue 1, pages 107-114, doi:10.1007/s00442-003-1242-3
Galactolipids are a type of glycolipid whose sugar group is galactose. They differ from glycosphingolipids in that they do not have nitrogen in their...
In enzymology, a galactolipid galactosyltransferase (EC 2.4.1.184) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction 2 3-(beta-D-galactosyl)-1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol...
(IATA:GGT) Golden Gate Transit, a public transport system in California, U.S. Galactolipid galactosyltransferase (GGGT), an enzyme in glycerolipid metabolism This...
function when the photosynthetic apparatus is under stress. Sulfatide Galactolipid Phospholipid Glycolipid Harwood, John L.; Nicholls, Rodney G. (1979)...
subcategories of glyceroglycolipids depend on the carbohydrate attached. Galactolipids: defined by a galactose sugar attached to a glycerol lipid molecule...
synthase may refer to: Digalactosyldiacylglycerol synthase, an enzyme Galactolipid galactosyltransferase, an enzyme This disambiguation page lists articles...
pathway. Galactose, a component of milk sugar lactose, is found in galactolipids in plant cell membranes and in glycoproteins in many tissues. Mannose...
phospholipids, 46% galactolipids and 7% sulfolipids, while the inner membrane has been found to contain 16% phospholipids, 79% galactolipids and 5% sulfolipids...
defenses against the marine herbivorous snail Littorina littorea, while galactolipids act as herbivore deterrents against the sea urchin Arbacia punctulata...
of sphingosine – in the case of sphingomyelin and the glycolipids. Galactolipids – monogalactosyl diglyceride (MGDG) and digalactosyl diglycreride (DGDG)...
acylhydrolase. Other names in common use include galactolipid lipase, polygalactolipase, and galactolipid acylhydrolase. This enzyme participates in glycerolipid...
part of sulfolipids, such as sulfatides, which constitute 20% of the galactolipids in myelin. Another example of biological sulfation is in the synthesis...
phospholipids and galactolipids that are asymmetrically arranged along and across the membranes. Thylakoid membranes are richer in galactolipids rather than...
molecules like sucrose into mixed lipid lamellar liposomes made from galactolipid-rich thylakoid membranes destabilises bilayers into micellar phase. Typically...
(GALC). GALC is a lysosomal enzyme responsible for the catabolism of galactolipids, especially the toxic lipid psychosine, that are widely distributed...
observation is critical, as thylakoid membranes comprising largely galactolipids, contain only 10% phospholipid, unlike other biological membranes consisting...
de novo biosynthesis of triacylglycerols, a decrease of chloroplast galactolipids, and reorganisation of the photosynthetic apparatus". Eukaryotic Cell...
(BChl) with small amounts of carotenoids and quinones surrounded by a galactolipid monolayer. In Chlorobi, chlorosome monolayers can contain up to eleven...
symbiotic dinoflagellates. The lipid components of thylakoids include the galactolipids as monogalactosyl-diglycerides (MGDG) and digalactosyl-diglycerides(...
1016/0006-3002(63)91620-2. Mackender, R. O.; Leech, R. M. (1974). "The Galactolipid, Phospholipid, and Fatty Acid Composition of the Chloroplast Envelope...
C10–C18 chain length, acyl derivatives of coenzyme A, phospho- and galactolipids, prostaglandin B2, sterols, molecules of organic solvents, and some...
Benning C (2000). "DGD1-independent biosynthesis of extraplastidic galactolipids after phosphate deprivation in Arabidopsis". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci....
and fatty acid compounds in antifouling activities, compounds such as galactolipids and palmitic acid, 1-tetradecene or 1-hexadecene. Moreover, the peak...
prey although Karlson classified it as a generalized carnivore. Its galactolipids, rather than phlorotannins, act as herbivore deterrents in Fucus vesiculosus...
De Novo Biosynthesis of Triacylglycerols, a Decrease of Chloroplast Galactolipids, and Reorganization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus". Eukaryotic Cell...
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