Lowest frequency of a periodic waveform, such as sound
Vibration and standing waves in a string, The fundamental and the first six overtones
The fundamental frequency, often referred to simply as the fundamental, is defined as the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. In music, the fundamental is the musical pitch of a note that is perceived as the lowest partial present. In terms of a superposition of sinusoids, the fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency sinusoidal in the sum of harmonically related frequencies, or the frequency of the difference between adjacent frequencies. In some contexts, the fundamental is usually abbreviated as f0, indicating the lowest frequency counting from zero.[1][2][3] In other contexts, it is more common to abbreviate it as f1, the first harmonic.[4][5][6][7][8] (The second harmonic is then f2 = 2⋅f1, etc. In this context, the zeroth harmonic would be 0 Hz.)
According to Benward's and Saker's Music: In Theory and Practice:[9]
Since the fundamental is the lowest frequency and is also perceived as the loudest, the ear identifies it as the specific pitch of the musical tone [harmonic spectrum].... The individual partials are not heard separately but are blended together by the ear into a single tone.
^"sidfn". Phon.UCL.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-01-06. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
^Lemmetty, Sami (1999). "Phonetics and Theory of Speech Production". Acoustics.hut.fi. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
^"Fundamental Frequency of Continuous Signals" (PDF). Fourier.eng.hmc.edu. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-14. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
^"Standing Wave in a Tube II – Finding the Fundamental Frequency" (PDF). Nchsdduncanapphysics.wikispaces.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-13. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
^"Physics: Standing Waves". Physics.Kennesaw.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-15. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
^Pollock, Steven (2005). "Phys 1240: Sound and Music" (PDF). Colorado.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-15. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
^"Standing Waves on a String". Hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu. Retrieved 2012-11-27.
^"Creating musical sounds". OpenLearn. Open University. Archived from the original on 2020-04-09. Retrieved 2014-06-04.
^Benward, Bruce and Saker, Marilyn (1997/2003). Music: In Theory and Practice, Vol. I, 7th ed.; p. xiii. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0.
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The fundamentalfrequency, often referred to simply as the fundamental, is defined as the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. In music, the fundamental...
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sinusoidal wave with a frequency that is a positive integer multiple of the fundamentalfrequency of a periodic signal. The fundamentalfrequency is also called...
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decreases with increasing frequency. For more accurate higher frequencies it is better to use a crystal with lower fundamentalfrequency, operating at an overtone...
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The formant with the lowest frequency is called F1, the second F2, the third F3, and so forth. The fundamentalfrequency or pitch of the voice is sometimes...
same fundamental pitch and loudness.[citation needed] The physical characteristics of sound that determine the perception of timbre include frequency spectrum...
resonates at multiple frequencies, producing multiple musical pitches. The lowest frequency is called the fundamentalfrequency or the first harmonic...
sum of the powers of all harmonic components to the power of the fundamentalfrequency. Distortion factor, a closely related term, is sometimes used as...
Purring is a soft buzzing sound, similar to a rolled 'r' with a fundamentalfrequency of around 25 Hz. This sound occurs with noticeable vibrations on...
lowest of these frequencies is the fundamentalfrequency, and is also the inverse of the period of the waveform. The fundamentalfrequency determines the...
are often sums of multiple frequency tones. When these frequencies are whole number multiples of a fundamentalfrequency they create a harmonic. When...
harmonic frequency and removes the unwanted fundamental and other harmonics from the output. Frequency multipliers are often used in frequency synthesizers...
algorithm (PDA) is an algorithm designed to estimate the pitch or fundamentalfrequency of a quasiperiodic or oscillating signal, usually a digital recording...
sound's fundamentalfrequency and its formants. Each vowel in the vowel diagram has a unique first and second formant, or F1 and F2. The frequency of the...
different from each other in the frequencies of their formants, also have intrinsic values of fundamentalfrequency (and presumably therefore of pitch)...
characteristics, such as fundamentalfrequency, vocal weight and voice resonance, can help in that effect. Fundamentalfrequency, closely related to pitch...
spectrum containing only frequency components whose frequencies are whole number multiples of the fundamentalfrequency; such frequencies are known as harmonics...
This is a list of the fundamentalfrequencies in hertz (cycles per second) of the keys of a modern 88-key standard or 108-key extended piano in twelve-tone...
of various overtones (frequencies greater than the fundamentalfrequency). The fundamentalfrequency and its overtones are perceived by the listener as...
times, and so on, of the fundamentalfrequency. Pitches at frequencies of half, a quarter, an eighth and so on of the fundamental are called suboctaves....
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