Model of the C60 fullerene (buckminsterfullerene).Model of the C20 fullerene.Model of a carbon nanotube.C60 fullerite (bulk solid C60).
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A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecules consist of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially closed mesh, with fused rings of five to seven atoms. The molecules may have hollow sphere- and ellipsoid-like forms, tubes, or other shapes.
Fullerenes with a closed mesh topology are informally denoted by their empirical formula Cn, often written Cn, where n is the number of carbon atoms. However, for some values of n there may be more than one isomer.
The family is named after buckminsterfullerene (C60), the most famous member, which in turn is named after Buckminster Fuller. The closed fullerenes, especially C60, are also informally called buckyballs for their resemblance to the standard ball of association football ("soccer"). Nested closed fullerenes have been named bucky onions. Cylindrical fullerenes are also called carbon nanotubes or buckytubes.[1] The bulk solid form of pure or mixed fullerenes is called fullerite.[2]
Fullerenes had been predicted for some time, but only after their accidental synthesis in 1985 were they detected in nature[3][4] and outer space.[5][6] The discovery of fullerenes greatly expanded the number of known allotropes of carbon, which had previously been limited to graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon such as soot and charcoal. They have been the subject of intense research, both for their chemistry and for their technological applications, especially in materials science, electronics, and nanotechnology.[7]
^"Definition of BUCKYTUBE". www.merriam-webster.com.
^"fullerite". Archived from the original on 23 October 2015.
^Buseck, P.R.; Tsipursky, S.J.; Hettich, R. (1992). "Fullerenes from the Geological Environment". Science. 257 (5067): 215–7. Bibcode:1992Sci...257..215B. doi:10.1126/science.257.5067.215. PMID 17794751. S2CID 4956299.
^"The allotropes of carbon". Interactive Nano-Visualization in Science & Engineering Education. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 29 August 2010.
^Cami, J; Bernard-Salas, J.; Peeters, E.; Malek, S. E. (2 September 2010). "Detection of C 60 and C 70 in a Young Planetary Nebula". Science. 329 (5996): 1180–1182. doi:10.1126/science.1192035. PMID 20651118. S2CID 33588270.
^Stars reveal carbon 'spaceballs', BBC, 22 July 2010.
^Belkin, A.; et., al. (2015). "Self-Assembled Wiggling Nano-Structures and the Principle of Maximum Entropy Production". Sci. Rep. 5: 8323. Bibcode:2015NatSR...5E8323B. doi:10.1038/srep08323. PMC 4321171. PMID 25662746.
A fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose molecules consist of carbon atoms connected by single and double bonds so as to form a closed or partially...
Fullerene chemistry is a field of organic chemistry devoted to the chemical properties of fullerenes. Research in this field is driven by the need to functionalize...
Buckminsterfullerene is a type of fullerene with the formula C60. It has a cage-like fused-ring structure (truncated icosahedron) made of twenty hexagons...
C70 fullerene is the fullerene molecule consisting of 70 carbon atoms. It is a cage-like fused-ring structure which resembles a rugby ball, made of 25...
Endohedral fullerenes, also called endofullerenes, are fullerenes that have additional atoms, ions, or clusters enclosed within their inner spheres. The...
Fullerene whiskers are thin rods composed of fullerene molecules, such as C60, C70, or their mixtures. Hollow fullerene whiskers are called fullerene...
The solubility of fullerenes is generally low. Carbon disulfide dissolves 8g/L of C60, and the best solvent (1-chloronaphthalene) dissolves 53 g/L. up...
A transition metal fullerene complex is a coordination complex wherein fullerene serves as a ligand. Fullerenes are typically spheroidal carbon compounds...
such as C50Cl10 and C60H8. or fullerene ligands. Fullerene ligands Endohedral fullerene "Capturing the Labile Fullerene[50] as C50Cl10". Science. 304...
This notation was proposed in 1991 with the discovery of fullerene cages (endohedral fullerenes), which can trap atoms such as La to form, for example,...
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physical properties of fullerenes are still under heavy study, in both pure and applied research labs. In April 2003, fullerenes were under study for potential...
Well-known allotropes include graphite, diamond, amorphous carbon, and fullerenes. The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form...
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often based on this structure. It also corresponds to the geometry of the fullerene C60 ("buckyball") molecule. It is used in the cell-transitive hyperbolic...
Endohedral hydrogen fullerene (H2@C60) is an endohedral fullerene containing molecular hydrogen. This chemical compound has a potential application in...
Carbon peapod is a hybrid nanomaterial consisting of spheroidal fullerenes encapsulated within a carbon nanotube. It is named due to their resemblance...
carbon nanobud is a material that combines carbon nanotubes and spheroidal fullerenes, both allotropes of carbon, forming "buds" attached to the tubes. Carbon...
been shown to selectively bind a C60 fullerene within its hole, thus producing a "molecular bearing". The fullerene remains in the ring long enough to be...
form endohedral fullerene compounds, where a xenon atom is trapped inside a fullerene molecule. The xenon atom trapped in the fullerene can be observed...
contains trace amounts of carbon allotropes such as graphene sheets and fullerenes. The Shunga deposit contains an estimated total carbon reserve of more...
heating and cooking. For instance, the class of nanomaterials called fullerenes are generated by burning gas, biomass, and candle. It can also be a byproduct...
popularized the widely known geodesic dome; carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance...
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