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Fructolysis refers to the metabolism of fructose from dietary sources. Though the metabolism of glucose through glycolysis uses many of the same enzymes and intermediate structures as those in fructolysis, the two sugars have very different metabolic fates in human metabolism. Under one percent of ingested fructose is directly converted to plasma triglyceride.[1] 29% - 54% of fructose is converted in liver to glucose, and about a quarter of fructose is converted to lactate. 15% - 18% is converted to glycogen.[2] Glucose and lactate are then used normally as energy to fuel cells all over the body.[1]
Fructose is a dietary monosaccharide present naturally in fruits and vegetables, either as free fructose or as part of the disaccharide sucrose, and as its polymer inulin. It is also present in the form of refined sugars including granulated sugars (white crystalline table sugar, brown sugar, confectioner's sugar, and turbinado sugar), refined crystalline fructose , as high fructose corn syrups as well as in honey. About 10% of the calories contained in the Western diet are supplied by fructose (approximately 55 g/day).[3]
Unlike glucose, fructose is not an insulin secretagogue, and can in fact lower circulating insulin.[4] In addition to the liver, fructose is metabolized in the intestines, testis, kidney, skeletal muscle, fat tissue and brain,[5][6] but it is not transported into cells via insulin-sensitive pathways (insulin regulated transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4). Instead, fructose is taken in by GLUT5. Fructose in muscles and adipose tissue is phosphorylated by hexokinase.
- ^ a b Sun, Sam Z.; Empie, Mark W. (2012-10-02). "Fructose metabolism in humans – what isotopic tracer studies tell us". Nutrition & Metabolism. 9 (1): 89. doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-89. ISSN 1743-7075. PMC 3533803. PMID 23031075.
- ^ Rippe, JM; Angelopoulos, TJ (2013). "Sucrose, high-fructose corn syrup, and fructose, their metabolism and potential health effects: what do we really know?". Adv Nutr. 4 (2): 236–45. doi:10.3945/an.112.002824. PMC 3649104. PMID 23493540.
- ^ Harvey, Richard A.; Ferrier, Denise R. (2011). "Fructose metabolism". Biochemistry (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9781608314126. OCLC 551719648.
- ^ Havel, Peter J.; D’Alessio, David; Keim, Nancy L.; Townsend, Raymond R.; Heiman, Mark; Rader, Daniel; Kieffer, Timothy J.; Tschöp, Matthias; Elliott, Sharon S. (2004-06-01). "Dietary Fructose Reduces Circulating Insulin and Leptin, Attenuates Postprandial Suppression of Ghrelin, and Increases Triglycerides in Women". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 89 (6): 2963–2972. doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031855. ISSN 0021-972X. PMID 15181085.
- ^ Douard, V; Ferraris, R. P. (2008). "Regulation of the fructose transporter GLUT5 in health and disease". AJP: Endocrinology and Metabolism. 295 (2): E227-37. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90245.2008. PMC 2652499. PMID 18398011.
- ^ Hundal, H. S.; Darakhshan, F; Kristiansen, S; Blakemore, S. J.; Richter, E. A. (1998). "GLUT5 Expression and Fructose Transport in Human Skeletal Muscle". Skeletal Muscle Metabolism in Exercise and Diabetes. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Vol. 441. pp. 35–45. doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-1928-1_4. ISBN 978-1-4899-1930-4. PMID 9781312.