Global Information Lookup Global Information

Francization of Brussels information


Not to be confused with Brusselization.
Bilingual French and Dutch street signs in Brussels
Area where the Brabantian dialect is spoken

The Francization of Brussels refers to the evolution, over the past two centuries,[1][2] of this historically Dutch-speaking city[1][3][4] into one where French has become the majority language and lingua franca.[5] The main cause of this transition was the rapid, compulsory assimilation of the Flemish population,[6][1][7][8][4] amplified by immigration from France and Wallonia.[1][9]

The rise of French in public life gradually began by the end of the 18th century,[10][11] quickly accelerating as the new capital saw a major increase in population following Belgian independence.[12][13][14][15] Dutch — of which standardization in Belgium was still very weak[16][17][15] — could not compete with French, which was the exclusive language of the judiciary, the administration, the army, education, high culture and the media.[18][19][3][20][2] The value and prestige of the French language was so universally acknowledged[3][21][6][15][22][23] that after 1880,[24][25][16] and more particularly after the turn of the century,[15] proficiency in French among Dutch-speakers increased spectacularly.[13]

Although the majority of the population remained bilingual until the second half of the 20th century,[13][6] the original Brabantian dialect[26] was often no longer passed on from one generation to another,[27] leading to an increase of monolingual French-speakers from 1910 onwards.[21][28] This language shift weakened after the 1960s,[13][29] as the language border was fixed, the status of Dutch as an official language was confirmed,[30] and the economic center of gravity shifted northward to Flanders.[16][24]

However, with the continuing arrival of immigrants (most either from French-speaking countries or more familiar with French) and the post-war emergence of Brussels as a center of international politics, the relative position of Dutch continued to decline.[2][31][32][13][27] Simultaneously, as Brussels' urban area expanded,[33] a further number of Dutch-speaking municipalities in the Brussels periphery also became predominantly French-speaking.[30][34] This phenomenon of expanding Francization (dubbed the "oil slick" by its opponents),[6][35][13] remains, together with the future of Brussels,[36] one of the most controversial topics in Belgian politics and public discourse.[24][19]

  1. ^ a b c d Backhaus, Peter (2007). Linguistic Landscapes: A Comparative Study of Urban Multilingualism in Tokyo. Multilingual Matters Ltd. p. 158. ISBN 9781853599460. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  2. ^ a b c Janssens, Guy (2005). Het Nederlands vroeger en nu (in Dutch). ACCO. ISBN 9033457822. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  3. ^ a b c Jaumain, Serge (2006). Vivre en Ville: Bruxelles et Montréal aux XIXe et XXe siècles (in French) (Études Canadiennes Series nº9 ed.). Peter Lang. p. 375. ISBN 9789052013343. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  4. ^ a b Roegiest, Eugeen (2009). Vers les sources des langues romanes. Un itinéraire linguistique à travers la Romania (in French). ACCO. p. 272. ISBN 9789033473807. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  5. ^ Janssens, Rudi (2008). Taalgebruik in Brussel en de plaats van het Nederlands — Enkele recente bevindingen (PDF) (in Dutch) (Brussels Studies, nº13 ed.). Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d Kramer, Johannes (1984). Zweisprachigkeit in den Benelux-ländern. Buske Verlag. ISBN 3871185973. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  7. ^ Baetens Beardsmore, Hugo (1986). Bilingualism: Basic Principles (2nd Ed.) (Multiligual Matters Series ed.). Multilingual Matters Ltd. p. 205. ISBN 9780905028637. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  8. ^ Ernst, Gerhard (2006). Histoire des langues romanes (in French) (Manuel international sur l'histoire et l'étude linguistique des langues romanes ed.). Walter de Gruyter. p. 1166. ISBN 9783110171501. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  9. ^ Vermeersch, Arthur J. (1981). De taalsituatie tijdens het Verenigd Koninkrijk der Nederlanden (1814-1830) (PDF) (in Dutch) (Taal en Sociale Integratie, IV ed.). Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). pp. 389–404. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  10. ^ Poirier, Johanne (1999). Choix, statut et mission d'une capitale fédérale: Bruxelles au regard du droit comparé (in French) (Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut [61-97] ed.). Brussel: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 817. ISBN 2-8044-0525-7.
  11. ^ Rousseaux, Xavier (1997). Le pénal dans tous ses états: justice, États et sociétés en Europe (in French) (Volume 74 ed.). Publications des Fac. St Louis. p. 462. ISBN 9782802801153. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  12. ^ Wils, Lode (2005). Van Clovis tot Di Rupo: de lange weg van de naties in de Lage Landen (in Dutch) (Reeks Historama (nummer 1) ed.). Garant. p. 297. ISBN 9789044117387. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Blampain, Daniel (1997). Le français en Belgique: Une communauté, une langue (in French). De Boeck Université. ISBN 2801111260. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  14. ^ De Groof, Roel (2003). De kwestie Groot-Brussel en de politieke metropolisering van de hoofdstad (1830-1940). Een analyse van de besluitvorming en de politiek-institutionele aspecten van de voorstellen tot hereniging, annexatie, fusie, federatie en districtvorming van Brussel en zijn voorsteden (in Dutch) (De Brusselse negentien gemeenten en het Brussels model / Les dix-neuf communes bruxelloises et le modèle bruxellois [3-56] ed.). Brussel, Gent: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 754. ISBN 2-8044-1216-4.[permanent dead link]
  15. ^ a b c d Gubin, Eliane (1978). La situation des langues à Bruxelles au 19ième siècle à la lumière d'un examen critique des statistiques (PDF) (in French) (Taal en Sociale Integratie, I ed.). Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). pp. 33–80. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  16. ^ a b c Witte, Els (1998). Taal en politiek: De Belgische casus in een historisch perspectief (PDF) (in Dutch) (Balansreeks ed.). Brussel: VUBPress (Vrije Universiteit Brussel). p. 180. ISBN 9789054871774.
  17. ^ Von Busekist, Astrid (2002). Nationalisme contre bilinguisme: le cas belge (in French) (La Politique de Babel: du monolinguisme d'État au plurilinguisme des peuples [191-226] ed.). Éditions KARTHALA. p. 348. ISBN 9782845862401. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  18. ^ Bitsch, Marie-Thérèse (2004). Histoire de la Belgique: De l'Antiquité à nos jours (in French). Éditions Complexe. p. 299. ISBN 9782804800239. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  19. ^ a b Tétart, Frank (2009). Nationalismes régionaux: Un défi pour l'Europe (in French). De Boeck Supérieur. p. 112. ISBN 9782804117818. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  20. ^ Kok Escalle, Marie-Christine (2001). Changements politiques et statut des langues: histoire et épistémologie 1780-1945 (in French) (Faux Titre (volume 206) ed.). Rodopi. p. 374. ISBN 9789042013759. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  21. ^ a b Bogaert-Damin, Anne Marie (1978). Bruxelles: développement de l'ensemble urbain 1846-1961 (in French). Presses universitaires de Namur. p. 337. ISBN 9782870370896. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  22. ^ Hasquin, Hervé (1996). Bruxelles, ville frontière. Le point de vue d'un historien francophone (in French) (Europe et ses ville-frontières [205-230] ed.). Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe. p. 329. ISBN 9782870276631. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  23. ^ Vrints, Antoon (2011). Het theater van de Straat: Publiek geweld in Antwerpen tijdens de eerste helft van de twintigste Eeuw (in Dutch) (Studies Stadsgeschiedenis Series ed.). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 223. ISBN 978-9089643407. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  24. ^ a b c Capron, Catherine (2000). La dualité démographique de la Belgique : mythe ou réalité? (in French) (Régimes démographiques et territoires: les frontières en question [255-278] ed.). INED. ISBN 2950935680. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  25. ^ van Velthoven, Harry (1981). Taal- en onderwijspolitiek te Brussel (1878-1914) (PDF) (in Dutch) (Taal en Sociale Integratie, IV ed.). Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). pp. 261–387. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 April 2016. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  26. ^ Witte, Els (1999). Analyse du statut de Bruxelles (1989-1999) (in French) (Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut [19-33] ed.). Brussel: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 817. ISBN 2-8044-0525-7.
  27. ^ a b Treffers-Daller, Jeanine (1994). Mixing Two Languages: French-Dutch Contact in a Comparative Perspective. Walter de Gruyter. p. 300. ISBN 3110138379. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  28. ^ de Metsenaere, Machteld (1990). Thuis in gescheiden werelden — De migratoire en sociale aspecten van verfransing te Brussel in het midden van de 19e eeuw (PDF) (in Dutch) (BTNG-RBHC, XXI, 1990, nº 3-4 [383-412] ed.). Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  29. ^ Mares, Ann (2001). Begin van het einde van de nationale partijen. Onderzoek naar de Vlaamse Beweging(en) en de Vlaamse politieke partijen in Brussel: de Rode Leeuwen (PDF) (in Dutch) (19 keer Brussel; Brusselse Thema's (7) [157-185] ed.). VUBPress (Vrije Universiteit Brussel). ISBN 9054872926. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  30. ^ a b Depré, Leen (2001). Tien jaar persberichtgeving over de faciliteitenproblematiek in de Brusselse Rand. Een inhoudsanalystisch onderzoek (PDF) (in Dutch) (19 keer Brussel; Brusselse Thema's (7) [281-336] ed.). VUBPress (Vrije Universiteit Brussel). p. 281. ISBN 9054872926. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  31. ^ Janssens, Rudi (2001). Over Brusselse Vlamingen en het Nederlands in Brussel (PDF) (in Dutch) (19 keer Brussel; Brusselse Thema's (7) [41-84] ed.). VUBPress (Vrije Universiteit Brussel). p. 60. ISBN 9054872926. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 October 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  32. ^ Detant, Anja (1999). Kunnen taalvrijheid en officiële tweetaligheid verzoend worden? De toepassing van de taalwetgeving in het Brussels Hoofdstedelijke Gewest en de 19 gemeenten (in Dutch) (Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut [411-438] ed.). Brussel: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 817. ISBN 2-8044-0525-7.
  33. ^ Witte, Els (2006). De Geschiedenis van België na 1945 (in Dutch). Antwerpen: Standaard Uitgeverij. p. 576. ISBN 9789002219634.
  34. ^ Klinkenberg, Jean-Marie (1999). Des langues romanes: Introduction aux études de linguistique romane (in French) (Champs linguistiques ed.). De Boeck Supérieur. p. 316. ISBN 9782801112274. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  35. ^ Kesteloot, Chantal (2004). Au nom de la Wallonie et de Bruxelles français: Les origines du FDF (in French) (Histoires contemporaines ed.). Éditions Complexe. p. 375. ISBN 9782870279878. Retrieved 26 April 2013.
  36. ^ Frognier, André-Paul (1999). Les interactions stratégiques dans la problématique communautaire et la question bruxelloise (in French) (Het statuut van Brussel / Bruxelles et son statut [705-720] ed.). Brussel: De Boeck & Larcier. p. 817. ISBN 2-8044-0525-7.

and 21 Related for: Francization of Brussels information

Request time (Page generated in 0.8911 seconds.)

Francization of Brussels

Last Update:

The Francization of Brussels refers to the evolution, over the past two centuries, of this historically Dutch-speaking city into one where French has...

Word Count : 11382

Francization

Last Update:

Francization (in American English, Canadian English, and Oxford English) or Francisation (in other British English), also known as Frenchification, is...

Word Count : 4098

Languages of Belgium

Last Update:

shifted during the Francization of Brussels. The second-most spoken primary (Belgian) language, used natively by approximately one third of the population...

Word Count : 2699

Brussels

Last Update:

in separate worlds – The migratory and social aspects of Francization in Brussels in the middle of the 19th century] (PDF). BTNG-RBHC (in Dutch). XXI (3–4):...

Word Count : 22255

German language

Last Update:

Diktionär is mostly considered archaic. in danger of extinction due to the Francization of Brussels moribund moribund moribund moribund moribund moribund...

Word Count : 13839

Taal Aktie Komitee

Last Update:

claims to wish to prevent the further Francization of Brussels and its periphery, and advocates the partition of Belgium along language lines. TAK has...

Word Count : 152

Flanders

Last Update:

the primary language in the officially bilingual Brussels Capital Region (see Francization of Brussels). Many Flemings are also able to speak French, children...

Word Count : 10117

Minority language

Last Update:

stimulated the Francization of Brussels. The most controversial language census of 1947 led to an uproar of Flemish protest and the eventual abolition of the controversial...

Word Count : 3610

Flemish Movement

Last Update:

Mouscron (Moeskroen), Comines (Komen), and particularly Brussels (see Francization of Brussels). Every ten years the government counted the people who...

Word Count : 5686

Language legislation in Belgium

Last Update:

Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium State reform in Belgium Street name controversy Francization of Brussels "The Dutch period (1815 - 1830)"...

Word Count : 1737

Hypothetical partition of Belgium

Last Update:

language of Flanders until 1921. The Francization of Brussels was at that time in full expansion. To this day, French remains the language of the aristocracy...

Word Count : 13114

Municipalities with language facilities

Last Update:

Belgium Francization of Brussels List of municipalities of the Brussels-Capital Region List of municipalities of the Flemish Region List of municipalities...

Word Count : 3366

Luxembourg franc

Last Update:

The Luxembourg franc (F or ISO LUF, Luxembourgish: Frang), subdivided into 100 centimes, was the currency of Luxembourg between 1854 and 2002, except...

Word Count : 1505

Vergonha

Last Update:

to the law being constitutionally struck down on 21 May 2021. Francization of Brussels Minority language Minoritized languages Regional language Separatism...

Word Count : 4312

Coins of the Swiss franc

Last Update:

Batzen to one franc. The first coins of the Swiss franc were minted in Paris, Brussels and Strasbourg, until the former cantonal mint of Bern was made...

Word Count : 3837

Languages in censuses

Last Update:

conflicts along the language border, in Brussels and its periphery (due to the Francization of Brussels). The territory of Belgium was consequently divided into...

Word Count : 10992

Belgium

Last Update:

south, and the Brussels-Capital Region. Brussels is the smallest and most densely populated region, as well as the richest region in terms of GDP per capita...

Word Count : 18260

Cauchie House

Last Update:

plot of land Cauchie bought at 5, rue des Francs/Frankenstraat, next to the Parc du Cinquantenaire/Jubelpark in Brussels. He designed the front of the...

Word Count : 918

Peeters directive

Last Update:

treatment" and are called "rim municipalities". As part of the wider Francization of Brussels and a process of urbanisation, these formerly Dutch-speaking municipalities...

Word Count : 7572

Princess Louise of Belgium

Last Update:

and she was named after her grandmother Queen Louise. She married in Brussels on 4 February 1875 with her first cousin once removed Prince Philipp. Louise...

Word Count : 7948

UCLouvain

Last Update:

Saint-Louis University, Brussels. The original University of Louvain (Universitas Lovaniensis) was founded at the centre of the historic town of Leuven (or Louvain)...

Word Count : 3766
PDF Search Engine © AllGlobal.net